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Upstream
Steps/components closest to the reception
Downstream
Steps/components closest to cell response
Multimerization
occurs when ligand binds receptor and other receptors join in a group, triggers phosphorylation of tyrosine (usually)
Tyrosine
amino acid that is usually phosphorylated in upstream molecules
Serine and Threonine
phosphorylation of amino acids is more common downstream
Kinases
Add phosphate groups to proteins
Phosphatases
Remove phosphate groups from proteins
Lipid Rafts
associated with multimerization, kinases are on the rafts and with multimerization can phosphorylate all proteins at once
SRC
protein that is phosphorylated and inactive, but removal of the phosphate and addition of another phosphate to a different part is required for full activation
Adapter Proteins
form a protein scaffold to activate or deactivate groups of proteins at once
Scalable signaling
degree of response can change based on factors such as degree of phosphorylation
Reasons for varied response in body
enzymes present, transcription factors present, scalable signaling, multiple-ligand receptor interactions required
Oxidative burst
produces large amounts of chemicals such as hypochlorous acid, peroxide, superoxide radicals (used by innate cells to kill pathogens)
G-protein coupled receptor
GPCR, bound to GDP (inactive) or GTP (active)
GTP
active ligand of G-protein
GDP
inactive ligand of G-protein
Active GPCR
can travel across the plasma membrane to activate other enzymes and molecules to initiate signal cascade
7-Pass Mechanism
mechanism with GPCR trimer being split up when activated to produce 3 special functions
GPCR trimer
alpha, beta, and gamma subunits involved in 7-pass mechanism
CĪ³
phospholipase, important first step in NF-KB and NFAT signaling, breaks down phosphatidyl inositol bisphosphate into inositol trisphosphate and diacylglycerol
Diacylglycerol
binds and activates protein kinase C, part of NF-KB signaling
Protein kinase C
phosphorylates IKB, part of NF-KB signaling
IKB
inhibits NF-KB, but releases it when phosphorylated
Phosphatidyl inositol bisphosphate
breaks down into soluble inositol trisphosphate and membrane-bound diacylglycerol
Inositol trisphosphate
binds intracellular calcium vesicles to release Ca2+, part of NFAT signaling
Ca2+
activates calmodulin, part of NFAT signaling
Calmodulin
activated form binds and activates calcineurin, part of NFAT signaling
Calcineurin
dephosphorylates transcription factor NFAT so it can migrate into nucleus
SOS
nucleotide exchange factor protein activated by RAM phosphorylation, binds Ras
Ras
g-protein that exchanges GDP for GTP when SOS binds to form complex that activates Raf
Ras-GTP complex
migrates and binds cytoplasmic Raf
Raf
phosphorylates MEK to activate it
MEK
phosphorylates ERK to allow it to enter nucleus
ERK
phosphorylates Fos, one of the components for transcription factor AP-1
Fos
one of the components of AP-1