Ex phys exam 3

Neuroendocrine system

• Endocrine system releases hormones

• Nervous system uses neurotransmiIers

Endocrine glands

release hormones directly into the blood

Hormones

Alter the actvity of tissues that possess receptors to which the hormone can bind

Endocrine hormones

Secreted into interstitial fluid and then absorbed into the bloodstream to be carried systemically to any cell that displays the appropriate type of receptor

The effect of a hormone on a tissue is determined by

the plasma concentration

What determines the plasma concentration

Rate of secretion of hormone from endocrine gland, Rate of metabolism or excretion of hormone, quantity of transport protein, changes in plasma volume

Rate of secretion of hormone from endocrine gland is

magnitude of input and stimulatory versus inhibitory input

Rate of metabolism or excretion of hormone is

at the receptor and by the liver and kidneys

Quantity of transport protein is

steroid hormones, limited by carrier protein

How to increase insulin secretion

increase plasma glucose, plasma Amino acids, parasympathetic activity and decrease incretins and plasma epinephrine

Hormones only affect tissues with specific receptors and the magnitude of effect is dependent on

concentration of the hormone, number of receptors on the cell and affinity of the receptor for the hormone

Downregulation

decrease in receptor number in response to high concentration of hormone

Upregulation

increase in receptor number in response to low concentration of hormone

mechanisms of hormone action

altering membrane transport, altering activity of DNA to modify protein synthesis, activating second messengers via G protein

Altering membrane transport is associated with what hormone

Insulin

Altering activity of DNA to modify protein synthesis is associated with what hormone

Steriods

Activating second messengers via G protein us associate with what hormone

Cyclic AMP, Ca++, Inositol triphosphate and Diacylglycerol

Testosterone

Released from testes, anabolic steroid (to build) and androgenic steroid

Anabolic steroid

Promotes tissue (muscle) building, performance enhancement

Androgenic steroid

promotes masculine characteristics

Estrogen and progesterone

released from ovaries, establish and maintain reproductive function and levels vary throughout the menstrual cycle

Anabolic steroids

promote protein synthesis through muscle growth, block cortisol( drives break down), can have negative effects for adoleseneitcs ( raises impulsivity ad aggression), can damage organs due to high BP and cancer, to much can convert estrogen and can cease feminization , medically it helps with muscle wasting and is used at a much lower dose than recreational use

Initial studies showed that anabolic steroids have

no benefit for developing muscle mass and subjects used 10 to 100 times the recommended dosage

Side effects of anabolic steroids with Testosterone

H-P-A suppression, mood and behavior disorders, risk of CV disease, liver dysfunction, insulin resistance, glucose intolerance , gynecomastia (enlarged breast tissue)

Side effects of anabolic steroids with estrogen

Enlargement of the clitoris, deepening of the voice, hirsutism (hair growth, PCOS) and change in body build

What is the hormone for the anterior pituitary

Growth Hormone

WHat is the action of the anterior pituitary

Increases growth, FFA mobilization and gluconeogenesis; decreases glucose uptake

What is the controlling factors of the anterior pituitary

Hypothalamic GH-releasing hormone; hypothalamic somaostain

what is the stimuli of the anterior pituitary

Exercise; stress; low blood glucose

What is the exercise effect of the anterior pituitary

Increases

What is the hormone of the posterior pituitary

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (vasopressin)

what is the action of the posterior pituitary with the hormone Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)

Increases cortisol synthesis secretion

what is the Controlling factor of the posterior pituitary with the hormone Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)

Hypothalamic ACTH-releasing hormone

what is the Stimuli of the posterior pituitary with the hormone Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)

Stress bone breaks; heavy exercise; burns, etc

what is the exercise effect of the posterior pituitary with the hormone Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)

There is a question mark here so it could be either or but google says increases

what is the action of the posterior pituitary with the hormone antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (vasopressin)

Decreases water loss at kidney; increases peripheral resistance

what is the Controlling factors of the posterior pituitary with the hormone antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (vasopressin)

Hypothalamic neurons

what is the stimuli of the posterior pituitary with the hormone antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (vasopressin)

Plasma volume; plasma osmolality

what is the Exercise effect of the posterior pituitary with the hormone antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (vasopressin)

Increases

What is the Hormone for the Adrenal Cortex

Cortisol and Aldosterone

what is the action of the Adrenal cortex with the hormone cortisol

increases gluconengensis, FFA mobilization and protein synthesis; decreases glucose utilization

what is the controlling factors of the Adrenal cortex with the hormone cortisol

ACTH

what is the Stimuli of the Adrenal cortex with the hormone cortisol

ACTH

what is the exercise effect of the Adrenal cortex with the hormone cortisol

Increase heavy exercise and decrease light exercise

what is the action of the Adrenal cortex with the hormone Aldosterone

Increases potassium secretion and sodium reabsorption at kidney

what is the Controlling factor of the Adrenal cortex with the hormone Aldosterone

Plasma potassium concentration and renin angiotensin system

what is the Stimuli of the Adrenal cortex with the hormone Aldosterone

Low blood pressure and plasma volume; elevated plasma potassium and sympathetic activity to kidney

what is the Exercise effect of the Adrenal cortex with the hormone Aldosterone

Increases

What is the Hormone for the Adrenal Medulla

Epinephrine (80%) and norepinephrine (20%)

What is the Action for the Adrenal Medulla

Increases glycogenolysis, FFA mobilization, heart rate, stroke volume and peripheral resistance

What is the Controlling Factors for the Adrenal Medulla

Output of baroreceptors; glucose receptor in hypothalamus; brain and spinal centers

What is the Stimuli for the Adrenal Medulla

Low blood pressure and blood glucose; to much stress; emotion

What is the Exercise effect for the Adrenal Medulla

Increases

What is the Hormone for the Pancreas

Insulin and Glucagon

What is the Action for the Pancreas with the hormone Insulin

Increases glucose amino acid and FFA uptake into tissues

What is the Controlling Factors for the Pancreas with the hormone Insulin

Plasma glucose and amino acid concentrations; autonomic nervous system

What is the Stimuli for the Pancreas with the hormone Insulin

Elevated plasma glucose and amino acid concentrations decreased epinephrine and norepinephrine

What is the Exercise effect for the Pancreas with the hormone Insulin

Decrease

What is the Action for the Pancreas with the hormone Glucagon

Increases glucose and FFA mobilization; gluconeogensis

What is the Controlling Factors for the Pancreas with the hormone Glucagon

Plasma Glucose and amino acid concentrations; autonomic nervous system

What is the stimuli for the Pancreas with the hormone Glucagon

Low plasma glucose and amino acid concentrations, elevated epinephrine and norepinephrine

What is the Execrise effect for the Pancreas with the hormone Glucagon

Increases

Hypothalamus

stimulates release of hormones from anterior pituitary gland

• Provides hormones for release from posterior pituitary gland

Anterior pituitary gland

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

• Follicle-Stimulating hormone (FSH)

• Luteinizing hormone (LH)

• Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

• Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

• Growth hormone (GH)

• Prolactin

Posterior Pituitary gland

Oxytocin

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

neurons synthesizing trophic hormones

release them into capillaries of the portal system

Portal Vessels carry the trophic hormones

directly to the anterior pituitary

Endocrine cells release their hormones into the

second set of capillaries for the distribution the rest of the body

What organs does the pituitary gland target

Mammary glands, Musculoskeletal system, Thyroid gland, Adrenal Cortex, Ovary , tetsis , gonads

What of the steps from hypothalamus to the pituitary gland

1- Hormone is made and packaged in cell body of neuron.

2- Vesicles are transported down the cell.

3- Vesicles containing hormone are stored in posterior pituitary.

4- Hormones are released into blood

Influences on growth hormone release

Stimulates release of insulin like growth, essential growth of all tissues, spares plasma glucose

How does Growth Hormone relate stimulate release of insulin like growth hormone

IGF-1 in muscle responsible for muscle growth

Growth hormone release is essential growth of all tissues becasue of

Amino acid uptake and protein synthesis along with long bone growth through childhood

Why does Growth hormone spare plasma glucose

reduces the use of plasma glucose, increases gluconeogenesis and mobilize fatty acids from adipose tissue, provide a different substrate so the body can continue to make ATP

Growth Hormone and performance

GH increases protein synthesis in muscle and long bone growth , More adverse effects than benefits, minimal evidence that GH promotes strength gains, Difficult to detect usage by athletes

Why does Growth hormone and performance help GH increase protein synthesis in muscle and long bone growth

Becasue its used to treat childhood dwarfism and its also used athletes and elderly

Why does Growth hormone and performance help minimize evidence that GH promotes strength gains

Protein synthesis is mostly collagen, not contractile protein, increases in lean mass is predominately water retention

Side effects of taking growth hormone

Nerve, muscle, or joint pain

• Swelling (edema)

• Carpal tunnel syndrome

• Numbness/tingling in skin

• High blood cholesterol

• Increased risk of diabetes

• Increased growth of cancerous tumors

• High blood pressure

What is the role of growth hormone in the maintanance of plasma glucose

Slow acting homrmone with the Effects of supporting the action of cortisol and increasing in plasma GH with increase and a greater response in trained runners

Effects of Growth Hormone in the Maintenance of Plasma Glucose along with supporting the action of cortisol

Decreases glucose uptake by tissues, increases free fatty acid mobilization and enhances gluconeogensis in the liver

4 Subsystems of motor control

upper motor neurons - cortex and brainstem

cerebellum

basal ganglia

lower motor neurons- spinal cord and brainstem

What is the structure of the Central Nervous system (CNS)

Brain and Spinal Cord

What is the Function of the central Nervous system (CNS)

Integrative and control centeres

What is the structure of the Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Cranial nerves and spinal nerves

What is the function of the Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Communication lines between the CNS and the rest of the body

Waht is the Strcture of the Sensory (afferent) division

Somatic and visceral sensory nerve fibers

Waht is the Function of the Sensory (afferent) division

Conducts impulses from receptors to the CNS

Waht is the Structure of the Motor (efferent ) division

Motor Nerve fibers

Waht is the Function of the Motor (efferent ) division

Conducts impulses from the CNS to effectors (muscles and glands)

What is the Structure of the Somatic Nervous System

Somatic Motor (voluntary)

What is the function of the Somatic Nervous system

Condcuts impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles

What is the structure of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Visceral motor (involuntary)

What is the function of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Conducts impulses from the CNS to cardiac muscles, smooth muscles and glands

What is the function of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

Mobilizes body systems during activity

What is the function of the Parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

Conserves enegry, promotes house keeping functions during rest