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Periodic Table
A list of all known elements arranged in order of increasing atomic number.
Period
A row of elements in the periodic table.
Group
Elements aligned vertically in columns in the periodic table.
Valence Electrons
Electrons in the outer shell of an atom.
s-block
Elements with only s electrons in the outer shell.
p-block
Elements with at least 1 p-electron in the outer shell.
d-block
Elements with at least 1 d-electron and at least 1 s-electron but no f or p electrons in the outer shell.
f-block
Elements with at least 1 f-electron and at least 1 s-electron but no d or p electrons in the outer shell.
Atomic Radius
The size of an atom, the distance between the nucleus and the outermost electron shell.
Ionic Radius
The size of an ion, the distance between the nucleus and the outermost electron shell of an ion.
Ionization Energy
The amount of energy required to remove 1 mole of electrons from 1 mole of atoms to form 1 mole of gaseous ions.
Electron Affinity
The amount of energy released when 1 mole of electrons is gained by 1 mole of atoms to form 1 mole of gaseous ions.
Electronegativity
The ability of an atom to attract an electron pair in a covalent bond.
Anions
Negative ions formed when atoms gain electrons.
Pauling Scale
A scale used to measure the value of electronegativity for each atom.
Oxide
A binary compound that contains oxygen and another element.
Amphoteric
Having the ability to react chemically as either an acid or a base.
Alkali Metals
Group 1 metals that form alkaline solutions with high pH when they react with water.
Halogens
Group 17 non-metals that are poisonous and form halide ions by gaining one more electron to complete the octet rule.
Density
The measure of how much mass is contained in a given volume of a substance.
Melting/Boiling Points
The temperature at which a substance changes from a solid to a liquid (melting point) or from a liquid to a gas (boiling point).
Reactivity
The tendency of a substance to undergo chemical reactions.
Electron Configuration
The arrangement of electrons in an atom or ion.
Valence Electrons
The electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom.
Electron Affinity
The energy change that occurs when an electron is added to a neutral atom to form a negative ion.
Atomic Radius
The distance from the center of an atom to the outermost electron shell.
Shielding
The effect of inner electrons blocking the attraction between the nucleus and outer electrons.
Electrostatic Forces
The forces of attraction or repulsion between charged particles.
Halogen Displacement
When a more reactive halogen displaces a less reactive halogen from a solution of its halide.
Displacement Reactions
Chemical reactions where one element replaces another element in a compound.
Potassium Bromide
A compound consisting of potassium and bromine ions.
Chlorine
A chemical element with the symbol Cl and atomic number 17.
Bromine
A chemical element with the symbol Br and atomic number 35.
Sodium Iodide
A compound consisting of sodium and iodine ions.
Iodine
A chemical element with the symbol I and atomic number 53.
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