OTA 115 Mod 2

How do you redesign lifestyles for an adult with ADHD?

Regular exercise, a regular sleep routine, managing stress, and a well balanced diet.

What is the difference between speech and language?

The sound of spoken language includes the formation with the quality, flow, and rhythmic nature. Versus word usage to communicate by not just spoken words but pictures and writing.

Discuss stigma related to intellectual/learning disabilities

A stigma is a negative attitude or belief about a group of people based on certain characteristics or traits. \n \n Stigma happens due to a lack of understanding and knowledge about these disabilities. People may have misconceptions and stereotypes about individuals with these disabilities, leading to negative attitudes and behaviors toward them. \n \n Stigma can happen at any time in a person's life, but it can be particularly challenging for those with intellectual and learning disabilities during childhood and adolescence when social interactions become increasingly important.

What is pragmatic language?

Using language for different purposes, changing language according to listener or the situation, and following the rules of conversation.

How is phototherapy used for infants?

Use of light to eliminate the bilirubin in the Blood. Bilirubin is a yellow substance that the newborn body creates when replaces the old red blood cells. The light wave absorbed the infant's skin and blood which changes the bilirubin into products that pass through the system of the infants. The treatment usually stops for 30 minutes which allows for feeding the infants. If the infants do not improve, they will do intensified phototherapy which increased the light exposure, and nonstop, it means that you cannot feed the infant.

How should a premature infant be assessed for failure to thrive ?

Measuring growth, progress, consultation of abnormal pattern of growth, and take proper steps to manage nurtition and underlying causes.

What cancers are exclusive to children?

**Melanotic Neuroectodermal Tumors (MNTI), Pancreatoblastoma, and Malignant Rhabdoid**

What is **Malignant Rhabdoid?**

Average diagnosis is 15 months old. A tumors that starts in the kidneys, but also occurs in soft tissues or in the brain. The first sign of this tumor can often times be the discovery of a lump in the child's abdomen. The child may also have difficulty urinating or have blood in their urine. 

What is Pancreatoblastoma?

Originates from the epithelial exocrine cell of the pancreas. The average age that this cancer is diagnosed at is 5. These tumors have a high recurrence rate even with resections. 

What is **Melanotic Neuroectodermal Tumors (MNTI)?**

The tumors grow rapidly and arise from the neural crest cells. Most reported cases are in the head and neck. Mean age of diagnosis is normally 6.5 months. Also, it is not uncommon for it to be found in the neoplasm, skull, and mandible. In rare cases it can be found in the ovaries, testis and femur. 

What are Righting reactions?

when the vestibular system detects that the body is no longer upright and erect. Head righting aligns the eyes with the horizon and the rest of the body follows.

What are equilibrium reactions?

help to restore balance when the center of gravity is disturbed or displaced. It includes counter-rotation of the head and trunk away from the direction of displacement, and the use of the extremities. This reaction occurs as the body is displaced forward, back or to the sides.

What are the 4 main categories of Cerebral Palsy?

Spastic Hemiplegia, Spastic Diplegia, Spastic Quadriplegia, and Mixed Type

**Spastic Hemiplegia**

This type is the most common form. People with spastic cerebral palsy have stiff muscles which cause jerky or repeated movements. This type affects the head, neck, and trunk, sometimes the leg **on only one side of the body**. Spasticity increases when Pt is emotionally excited or when performing physical activities.  

**Spastic Diplegia**

This type affects both lower extremities or both upper extremities. Lower extremities present with hip flexion and internal rotation called scissoring, and plantar flexion of the ankles which result in trouble walking and use of compensatory movements are used while walking

What is contracture?

ghtening of the muscles, tendons, skin and nearby tissues. This causes joints to become very stiff to move and shorten. prevents normal movement of a joint and other body parts. common in spastic CP.

**Autosomal dominant disorder**

genetic trait or condition passed down from parent to child. Both parents do not pass it down to the child; only one parent needs to have an altered gene to pass it on. One copy of a changed gene from one parent can cause the genetic condition. Children have a 50% chance to inherit that specific mutated gene from their parent.

**Autosomal recessive disorder**

carried by both parents. However, in this case there are no symptoms that are shown, therefore in most cases parents are not aware they carrying those genes. With autosomal recessive disorder, both parents must carry and pass the altered gene onto their child for their child to inherit the genetic condition or trait. Autosomal simply means non-sex chromosomes; referring to the 22 numbered chromosomes.

**X-linked recessive disorder**

genetic disorder associated with mutations in genes on the X chromosome. In this case, moms have two copies of x chromosomes. If both of those copies are damaged they are called heterozygous and if there is only one then it is referred to as homozygous. Mothers with heterozygous, 100% of all boys will be affected. It can only be passed by the mother since there is no male to male inheritance.

What are the long term consequences of failure to thrive? And why?

What impact does CF have on the body?

Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder that affects the respiratory, digestive, and reproductive systems. It causes the production of thick, sticky mucus that clogs the airways, making it difficult to breathe and increasing the risk of lung infections. It also affects the pancreas, preventing the release of digestive enzymes, leading to malnutrition and poor growth. CF can also cause infertility in males due to the absence of the vas deferens.

How is CF passed from patients?

CF or Cystic Fibrosis is a genetic disorder that is passed down from parents to their children through a defective gene. It is an autosomal recessive disorder, which means that both parents must carry the defective gene for their child to inherit the disease. If both parents are carriers, there is a 25% chance that their child will have CF.

What is the prognosis of CF?

The prognosis of CF (Cystic Fibrosis) varies depending on the severity of the disease and the age of diagnosis. With early diagnosis and proper treatment, many people with CF are able to live into their 30s, 40s, and beyond. However, CF can still significantly impact a person's quality of life and lead to complications such as lung infections and digestive issues.

What is the most common type of CP?

The most common type of CP is spastic cerebral palsy, which affects about 70-80% of individuals with CP.

What is the prognosis of near drowning?

The prognosis of near drowning depends on the duration of submersion, the time to resuscitation, and the extent of hypoxia and associated injuries. In general, the longer the submersion time and the longer the time to resuscitation, the worse the prognosis. Hypoxic brain injury is a common complication and can lead to long-term neurological deficits or even death.

How does water temperature impact prognosis of near drowning?

The water temperature can have a significant impact on the prognosis of near drowning. Cold water can decrease the body's oxygen demand and slow down metabolism, which can increase the chances of survival. However, it can also cause hypothermia and other complications. Warm water can increase the body's oxygen demand and speed up metabolism, which can decrease the chances of survival. Overall, the impact of water temperature on prognosis depends on various factors and should be evaluated on a case-by-case basis.

What is the etiology of Spina Bifida?

What are the characteristics of Spina Bifida?

What is the prognosis of down syndrome?

What are the characteristics of Muscular Dystrophies?

What brain structures are impacted by Autism Spectrum Disorders?

Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are associated with structural and functional abnormalities in various brain regions, including the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, and cerebellum. However, the exact brain structures impacted by ASD may vary among individuals and the severity of their symptoms.

What are the co-morbidities of Learning Disabilities?

Learning disabilities can be associated with various co-morbidities, including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), anxiety disorders, depression, and language disorders.