2SMT: Pedia 2

Epilepsy

Recurrent seizures due to abnormal electrical activity in the brain

Seizure

Nerve cell misfire

Sudden bursts of electrical activity

Generalized seizure

Affects both sides of brain

Focal seizure

Begin in one part of brain

Unusual sensations, movements, behaviors

Epilepsy symptoms

Temporary confusion/starring spells

Uncontrollable jerking of arms and legs

Loss of consciousness or awareness

Cerebral palsy

Permanent disorder affects movement, posture, muscle coordination

Common motor disability

Spastic CP

Stiff muscles, exaggerated reflexes, difficulty with movements

Dyskinetic/Athetoid CP

Non-progressiive motor disorder due to brain damage

Basal ganglia

Ataxic CP

Non-spastic cp due to damage to cerebellum

Hypotonic CP

Floppy infant syndrome

Autism spectrum disorder

Challenges in social communication, repetitive behaviors

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

Gross motor delay

Difficulty with large movements

Fine motor delay

Difficulty with small movements

Speech and language delay

Trouble with understanding or producing language

Cognitive delay

Difficulty with thinking, problem solving, learning

Social-Emotional delay

Difficulty interacting with others, regulating emotions

Increased intracranial pressure

Life threatening

Excess pressure inside the skull

Meningitis

Inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord

Viral meningitis

Usually milder

Enterovirus, herpes simplex virus, infuenza, mumps virus

Bacterial meningitis

Can be life-threatening and requires urgent treatment

Streptococcus pneumoniae, neisseria meningitis, haemophilus influenzae B, group B streptococcus

Group B streptococcus

Acquired during birth that can cause sepsis and meningitis after initial respiratory colonization

Neisseria meningitidis (meningococus)

Colonized the nasopharynx

Reye syndrome

Swelling in the liver and brain

Most often in pts recovering from viral infections like infuenza or chickenpox

Aspirin

Strongest risk factor of reye syndrome

Liver biopsy

Confirm fatty changes

Guillain-barre syndrome

Immune system attacks the peripheral nerves

Leads to muscle weakness, tingling, paralysis

Follows respiratory or gastrointestinal infection

Botulism

Neuroparalytic illness due to clostridium botulinum toxin

Intestinal colonization by spores

Blocks acetylcholine release at neuromuscular junctions=flaccid paralysis

Infant botulism

Spores colonize the immature gut and produce toxins

Foodborne botulism

Ingestion of preformed toxin in improperly preserved food

Wound botulism

Toxin production in infected wounds

Febrile seizure

Triggered by fever

6mos-5yo

Brain tumor

Abnormal growth of brain cells, either benign or malignant

Most common solid tumors in children

Medulloblastoma

Often spreads via cerebrospinal fluid

Cerebellum

Astrocytoma

Pilocytic astrocytoma is usually benign and slow growing

Cerebellum or cerebrum

Ependymoma

Block CSF flow, leading to hydrocephalus

Ventricles

Brainstem glioma

Often aggressive, symptoms: cranial nerve deficits

Craniopharyngioma

Near pituitary gland

Benign but can affect growth and vision due to location

Rabies

Transmitted through saliva of infected animals

Prevention thru vaccination and prompt post-exposure prophylaxis

7-14 days

Death due to rabies occurs within __ due to respiratory failure

Tetanus

Produces potent neurotoxin leading to muscle rigidity and spasms

Clostridium Tetani

Metronidazoel or penicillin

Antibiotics for tetanus