9. Tanin

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1
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Câu 1. Tanin là những hợp chất:

Polyphenol có trong thực vật

2
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Câu 2. Tanin có vị:

Chát

3
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Câu 3. Tanin được phát hiện dương tính với:

Thí nghiệm thuộc da

4
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Câu 4. Tanin được định lượng dựa vào:

Mức độ hấp phụ trên bột da sống chuẩn

5
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Câu 5. Cơ chế thuộc da của tanin được giải thích do:

Tanin có nhiều nhóm –OH phenol, tạo nhiều dây nối hydro với mạch polypeptid của protein

6
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Câu 6. Nếu phân tử tanin càng lớn thì:

Sự kết hợp với protein càng chặt

7
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Câu 7. Phân tử lượng của phần lớn tanin nằm trong khoảng:

500–5.000

8
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Câu 8. Tanin chủ yếu phân bố trong:

Thực vật bậc cao ở những cây hai lá mầm

9
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Câu 9. Các họ thực vật có chứa tanin điển hình là:

Myrtaceae, Fabaceae, Combretaceae, Polygonaceae, Rosaceae, Clusiaceae

10
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Câu 10. Ví dụ về Fabaceae chứa tanin là:

Acacia mearnsii (Muồng đen)

11
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Câu 11. Ví dụ về Polygonaceae chứa tanin là:

Terminalia chebula (Chiêu liêu) – Quả (Kha tử)

12
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Câu 12. Ví dụ về Rosaceae chứa tanin là:

Rosa laevigata (Kim anh)

13
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Câu 13. Tanin có mặt ở nhiều bộ phận của cây, ví dụ:

Rễ, thân rễ, vỏ, lá, hoa, hạt, vỏ quả

14
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Câu 14. Ví dụ về bộ phận chứa tanin:
A. Đại hoàng – rễ, thân rễ
B. Chiêu liêu – vỏ
C. Trà – lá
D. Hoa hồng – hoa
E. Cau – hạt
F. Măng cụt – vỏ quả

A, B, C, D, E, F

15
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Câu 15. Một số tanin đặc biệt được tạo thành do:

Bệnh lý khi một vài loại côn trùng chích vào cây

16
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Câu 16. Tanin được tạo do côn trùng chích vào cây được gọi là:

Ngũ bội tử

17
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Câu 17. Trong cây, tanin tham gia vào quá trình:

Trao đổi chất và oxy hóa-khử

18
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Câu 18. Nhờ có nhiều nhóm phenol, tanin có tác dụng:

Kháng khuẩn, bảo vệ cây trước tác nhân gây bệnh

19
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Câu 19. Hàm lượng tanin trong dược liệu thường chiếm:

6–35%

20
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Câu 20. Trong Ngũ bội tử, hàm lượng tanin có thể lên đến:

50–70%

21
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Câu 21. Tanin thủy phân còn được gọi là:

Tanin pyrogallic

22
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Câu 22. Khi thủy phân bằng acid hoặc enzym tanase, phần đường của tanin thường là:

Glucose

23
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Câu 23. Đôi khi phần đường của tanin thủy phân gặp loại đường đặc biệt là:

Hamamelose

24
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Câu 24. Phần không phải đường của tanin thủy phân là:

Acid

25
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Câu 25. Acid hay gặp trong tanin thủy phân là:

Acid gallic

26
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Câu 26. Các acid gallic nối với nhau theo:

Dây nối depsid

27
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Câu 27. Acid gallic có thể tạo thành các dạng đa phân như:

Acid digallic, trigallic

28
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Câu 28. Ngoài acid gallic, trong tanin thủy phân còn gặp các acid khác, ví dụ:

Acid ellagic, acid luteolic, acid hexahydroxydiphenic, acid chebulic

29
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Câu 29. Acid hexahydroxydiphenic là:

Dạng mở 2 vòng lacton của acid ellagic

30
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Câu 30. Phần đường và phần không phải đường trong tanin thủy phân nối với nhau theo:

Dây nối ester

31
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Câu 31. Vì nối bằng dây ester chứ không phải acetal, tanin thủy phân được coi là:

Pseudoglycosid

32
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Câu 32. Khi cất khô tanin thủy phân ở 180–200°C, chất thu được chủ yếu là:

Pyrogallol

33
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Câu 33. Tanin thủy phân tạo tủa bông với dung dịch nào?

Chì acetat 10%

34
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Câu 34. Tanin thủy phân cho tủa màu xanh đen với:

Muối sắt III

35
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Câu 35. Tanin thủy phân thường:

Dễ tan trong nước

36
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Câu 36. Tanin của lá và vỏ cây Hamamelis virginiana là:

Hamamelitanin

37
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Câu 37. Phần đường của hamamelitanin là:

Hamamelose (= hydroxy-methyl-D-ribose)

38
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Câu 38. Tanin của Ngũ bội tử Âu là:

Pentagalloyl-β-D-glucose

39
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Câu 39. Tanin trong một số cây thuộc chi Terminalia là:

Acid chebulinic và acid chebulagic

40
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Câu 40. Một số nguyên liệu khác chứa tanin thủy phân là:

Đại hoàng, đinh hương, cánh hoa hồng đỏ, vỏ quả và vỏ cây lựu, lá cây bạch đàn

41
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Câu 41. Hamamelis virginiana được biết đến bằng tên tiếng Anh là:

Witch-hazel

42
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Câu 42. Hamamelis virginiana trong tiếng Việt còn được gọi là:

Cây Phỉ

43
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Câu 43. Cây Phỉ (Hamamelis virginiana) là bản địa của:

Bờ biển Đại Tây Dương, Bắc Mỹ

44
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Câu 44. Lá cây Phỉ được thu hái vào:

Mùa thu

45
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Câu 45. Vỏ cành và cành cây Phỉ chỉ thu hoạch vào:

Mùa xuân

46
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Câu 46. Lá thô và vỏ của cây Phỉ được sử dụng dưới các hình thức:

Chiết xuất chất lỏng, thuốc đắp, nước cây Phỉ

47
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Câu 47. Loại chế phẩm thứ hai của cây Phỉ, còn gọi là nước Hamamelis, được lấy từ:

Cành cây đã cắt, chưng cất

48
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Câu 48. Nước cây Phỉ là chế phẩm thương mại phổ biến nhất, thường dùng để:

Làm mát hoặc làm se da tại chỗ

49
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Câu 49. Tanin ngưng tụ còn được gọi là:

Tanin pyrocatechic, phlobatanin

50
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Câu 50. Dưới tác dụng của acid hoặc enzym, tanin ngưng tụ dễ tạo thành:

Chất đỏ tanin hay phlobaphen

51
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Câu 51. Phlobaphen có đặc điểm:

Rất ít tan trong nước, sản phẩm trùng hiệp hóa kèm oxy hóa

52
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Câu 52. Phlobaphen là đặc trưng của một số dược liệu, ví dụ:

Vỏ canh ki na, vỏ quế

53
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Câu 53. Khi cất khô tanin ngưng tụ, chất thu được chủ yếu là:

Pyrocatechin

54
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Câu 54. Tanin ngưng tụ cho tủa màu xanh lá đậm với:

Muối sắt III

55
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Câu 55. Tanin ngưng tụ tạo tủa bông với:

Nước brom

56
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Câu 56. Tanin ngưng tụ:

Khó tan trong nước hơn tanin pyrogallic

57
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Câu 57. Tanin ngưng tụ được biết nhiều trong các chi:

Acacia, Camellia, Cinchona, Cinnamomum, Colophospermum, Rheum, Salix

58
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Câu 58. Tanin ngưng tụ được tạo thành do sự ngưng tụ từ:

Các đơn vị flavan-3-ol hoặc flavan-3,4-diol

59
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Câu 59. Tanin hỗn hợp là:

Sự kết hợp giữa tanin ngưng tụ và tanin thủy phân được

60
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Câu 60. Tanin hỗn hợp còn được gọi là:

Gallo- và ellagiflavotanin

61
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Câu 61. Một số thực vật có cả hai loại tanin (hỗn hợp) ví dụ:

Lá Hamamelis, rễ Đại hoàng, lá Ổi, lá Bàng

62
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Câu 62. Tanin hòa tan được trong các dung môi nào?

Nước, kiềm loãng, cồn, glycerin và aceton

63
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Câu 63. Tanin hầu như không tan trong:

Các dung môi hữu cơ

64
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Câu 64. Tanin có tác dụng trên da là:

Làm săn da

65
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Tanin có khả năng tạo tủa với chất nào sau đây?

B. Protein

66
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Khi tiếp xúc với niêm mạc hoặc tổ chức da bị tổn thương, Tanin tạo tác dụng gì?

B. Tạo màng mỏng, làm máu đông lại, ngừng chảy

67
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Câu 65. Vị đặc trưng của tanin là:

Chát

68
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Câu 66. Tanin hòa tan tốt nhất trong dung môi nào khi chiết xuất?

Nước nóng

69
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Câu 67. Trong quá trình chiết xuất tanin, để tránh oxy hóa, người ta có thể thêm:

Acid ascorbic hoặc metabisulfit

70
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Câu 68. Muốn tách tanin, người ta thường:

Chiết từng phân đoạn theo độ phân cực của dung môi

71
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Câu 69. Phương pháp sắc ký tách tanin có thể dùng:

Gel với Sephadex hoặc chất hấp phụ polyamid

72
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Câu 70. Khi triển khai sắc ký tanin với polyamid, dung môi thường dùng là:

Cồn nước với các độ cồn khác nhau

73
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Câu 71. Trong thí nghiệm thuộc da, miếng "da sống chế sẵn" được xử lý trước khi thử bằng:

Ngâm trong dung dịch acid hydrochloric 2% và rửa với nước cất

74
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Câu 72. Sau khi thử với dung dịch tanin, nếu miếng da có màu nâu hoặc nâu đen thì:

Có tanin

75
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Câu 73. Miếng "da sống chế sẵn" trong thí nghiệm thuộc da được chế từ:

Ruột bò, đóng vai trò như da chưa thuộc

76
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Câu 74. Tanin tạo tủa với các chất nào sau đây?

Gelatin, phenazon, alcaloid, muối kim loại

77
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Vì lý do kết tủa, điều gì nên tránh khi uống thuốc chứa alcaloid hoặc muối kim loại nặng?

A. Uống thuốc với nước trà

78
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Vì tạo kết tủa với alcaloid và kim loại nặng, Tanin có ứng dụng gì?

B. Giải độc trong những trường hợp ngộ độc alcaloid và kim loại nặng

79
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Câu 75. Mục đích của Stiasny test là:

Phân biệt hai loại tanin

80
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Câu 76. Trong Stiasny test, dung dịch tanin được phản ứng với:

Formol + HCl, sau đó đun nóng

81
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Câu 77. Kết quả của Stiasny test: tanin pyrocatechic khi đun nóng với formol + HCl:

Xuất hiện tủa

82
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Câu 78. Kết quả của Stiasny test: tanin pyrogallic khi đun nóng với formol + HCl:

Không xuất hiện tủa

83
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Câu 79. Phương pháp bột da dùng để:

Định lượng tanin

84
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Câu 80. Trong phương pháp bột da, tanin được chiết từ dược liệu bằng:

Đun với nước cất nhiều lần

85
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Câu 81. Sau khi chiết, nước chiết được chia thành mấy mẫu để định lượng?

2 mẫu

86
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Câu 82. Trong phương pháp bột da, sự chênh lệch khối lượng giữa hai lần bốc hơi và cân cho phép:

Tính được hàm lượng tanin

87
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Câu 83. Phương pháp Lowenthal dùng để:

Định lượng tanin

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Câu 84. Trong phương pháp Lowenthal, tanin được chiết từ dược liệu bằng:

Nước (tương tự phương pháp bột da)

89
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Câu 85. Sau khi chiết, dung dịch tanin được chuẩn độ bằng:

KMnO4 0,1N

90
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Câu 86. Chỉ thị màu dùng trong phương pháp Lowenthal là:

Dung dịch sulfo-indigo

91
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Câu 87. Trong phương pháp Lowenthal, 1 ml KMnO4 0,1N tương ứng với bao nhiêu mg tanin?

4,157 mg

92
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Câu 88. Trong phương pháp tạo tủa với đồng acetat, tanin được chiết bằng:

Cồn 60°

93
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Câu 89. Sau khi thêm dung dịch đồng acetat 15% vào dịch chiết tanin, bước tiếp theo là:

Lọc tủa, sấy và cân

94
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Câu 90. Nung tủa đồng tanat thu được:

Đồng oxyd

95
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Câu 91. Khi kết hợp với phương pháp đo iod, dung dịch tanin được chiết bằng:

Nước

96
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Câu 92. Trong phản ứng chuẩn độ iod: 2Cu(CH3COO)2 + 4 KI → ?

4 KCH3COO + Cu2I2 + 2 I2

97
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Câu 93. Trong phương pháp đo iod, 1 ml Na2S2O3 0,1N tương ứng với:

0,00635 g đồng

98
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Câu 94. Hệ số 1,2517 trong công thức tính lượng tanin dùng để:

Chuyển từ CuO sang Cu

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Câu 95. Thuốc thử Folin là dung dịch gì?

Acid phosphowolframic

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Câu 96. Trong phương pháp Folin, dịch chiết nước của tanin phản ứng trong môi trường nào?

Kiềm natri carbonat

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Imperialism Rise in Nationalism • During the French and Industrial Revolution, nationalism continued to inspire nations to increase their political and economic power. • Nationalism became the ideal force in the political, economic, and cultural life in the world, becoming the first universal ideology-organizing all people into a nation state. Nationalism Defined • The strong belief that the interest of a particular nation-state is of primary importance. o Nation-State – a state where the vast majority shares the same culture and is conscious of it. It is an ideal in which cultural boundaries match up with political ones. • As an ideology, it is based on the idea that the individual’s loyalty and devotion to the nation-state surpass other individual/group interests. • Exalting one nation’s belief above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests, excluding the interests of others. Changing the World through a Nationalistic Vision • The French Revolution significantly changed the political world and how countries govern. • The Industrial Revolution significantly changed the economic world. • The Age of Imperialism (1870-1914) dramatically changed the political, economic, and social world. What is Imperialism? • Imperialism- The policy of extending the rule of authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies. Power and influence are done through diplomacy or military force. Reasons for Imperialism • There are 5 main motives for empires to seek to expand their rule over other countries or territories: 1. Exploratory • Imperial nations wanted to explore territory unknown to them. • The main purpose for this exploration of new lands was for resource acquisition, medical or scientific research. o Charles Darwin • Other reasons: o Cartography (map making) o Adventure 2. Ethnocentric • Europeans acted on the concept of ethnocentrism o Ethnocentrism- the belief that one race or nation is superior to others. • Ethnocentrism developed out of Charles Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” theory. Philosophers used the theory to explain why there were superior races and inferior races. o This became known as Social Darwinism. • Most imperial nations believed that their cultural values or beliefs were superior to other nations or groups. • Believed imperial conquest would bring successful culture to inferior people. 3. Religious • Imperial expansion promoted a religious movement of people setting out to convert new members of conquered territories. • With the belief that Christianity was superior, missionaries believed it was their duty to spread Christianity to the world. • Christian missionaries established churches, and in doing so, they spread Western culture values as well. • Typically, missionaries spread the imperial nation's language through education and religious interactions. 4. Political • Patriotism and Nationalism helped spur our imperial growth, thus creating competition against other supremacies. • It was a matter of national pride, respect, and security. • Furthermore, European rivalry spurred nations for imperial conquest. Since land equaled power, the more land a country could acquire the more prestige they could wield across the globe. • Empires wanted strategic territory to ensure access for their navies and armies around the world. • The empire believed they must expand, thus they needed to be defended. 5. Economic • With the Industrial Revolution taking place during the same time, governments and private companies contributed to find ways to maximize profits. • Imperialized countries provided European factories and markets with natural resources (old and new) to manufacture products. • Trading posts were strategically placed around imperialized countries to maximize and increase profits. o Such places as the Suez Canal in Egypt which was controlled by the British provided strategic choke hold over many European powers. o Imperial powers competed over the best potential locations for resources, markets, and trade. History of Imperialism • Ancient Imperialism 600 BCE-500 CE o Roman Empire, Ancient China, Greek Empire, Persian Empire, Babylonian Empire. • Middle Age Imperialism (Age of Colonialism-1400-1800s) o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands (Dutch), Russia. • Age of Imperialism 1870-1914 o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Japan, United States, Ottoman Empire, Russia. • Current Imperialism...? o U.S. Military intervention (i.e. Middle East) o Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine. Imperialism Colonialism • Refers to political or economic control, either legally or illegally. • Refers to where one nation assumes control over the other. • Creating an empire, expanding into neighboring regions and expanding the dominance far outside its borders. • Where a country conquers and rules over other regions for exploiting resources from the conquered country for the conqueror's benefit. • Foreign government controls/governs a territory without significant settlement. • Foreign government controls/governs the territory from within the land being colonized. • Little to no new settlement established on fresh territory. • Movement to settle to fresh territory. Age of Colonialism WHEN? • Started around the late 1400s and ended around the late 1700s/early 1800s. WHY? • Primary Reason: European countries, wished to find a direct trade route to Asia (China & India) and the East Indies. o Quicker and relatively more effective than land routes over Asia. • Secondary Reason: Empire expansion (land power) WHO? • Countries involved: Great Britain, France, Spain, the Dutch & Portugal. • Individuals’ knowns as Mercantilists believed that maintaining imperialized territory and colonizing the region could serve as a source of wealth, while personal motives by rulers, explorers, and missionaries could therefore promote their own agenda. o This agenda being “Glory, God and Gold”. Mercantilism • Mercantilism was a popular and main economic system for many European nations during the 16th to 18th centuries. • The main goal was to increase a nation’s wealth by promoting government rule of a nation’s economy for the purpose of enhancing state power at the expense of rival national power. • It was the economic counterpart of political absolutism. 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Controlled primarily North America. o Dutch East Indie Trading Company (1682) o East Indian Trading Company (1600) o Royal African Trade Company (1672) WHERE? • European nations begun to colonize the America, India and the East Indies to create a direct trade route. • Great Britain was the leading power in India, Australia and North America, South Africa. • Spain colonized central and South America. • French held Louisiana, coastal land of Africa and French Guinea. • The Dutch built an empire in the East Indies. • The Portuguese was able to take control of present-day Brazil and the southern tip of South America and Japan. Age of Colonialism • As countries started to imperialize these regions, eventually the concept of colonization took hold: • This is what makes the Age of Colonialism extremely different! End of Colonialism • By 1800, colonialism became less popular • Why? o Revolutions (Spain, France & American) o The Napoleonic Wars o Struggle for nationalism and democracy. o Exhausted all money and energy to supervise their colonies. Waiting to wake again • Imperialism would stay quiet for close to 50 years before Great Britain and France’s economies revitalized. • The outbreak of the Industrial Revolution only encouraged and revitalized European nations to begin their conquest for new territory and resources. Age of Imperialism THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA 1870-1914 Conditions Prior to Imperialism of Africa  European interest in exploiting Africa was minimal.  Their economic interests & profit in Africa primarily came through coastal trade that took place during the 1500-1700s.  The slave trade became the main source of European profit.  Furthermore, disease, political instability, lack of transportation and unpredictable climate all discouraged Europeans from seeking territory. Slave Trade & the Trans-Atlantic Slave Voyages  Forced labor was not uncommon during the 13-17th Centuries. Africans and Europeans had been trading goods and people across the Mediteranea for centuries.  This all changed from 1526 to 1867, as a new system of slavery was introduced that became highly “commercialized, racialized and inherited”  By 1690, the America and West Indies saw approximately 30,000 African people shipped from Africa. A century later, that number grew to 85,000 people per year.  By 1867, approximately 12.5 million people (about twice the population of Arizona) left Africa in a slave ship. What Changed? 1. End of the Slave Trade- Left a need for trade between Europe and Africa. 2. Innovation in technology- The steam engine and iron hulled boats allowed Europe 3. Discovery of new raw materials- Explorers located vast raw materials and resources and this only spurred imperialism with Europe in the wake of the Industrial Revolution. 4. Politics- Unification of Germany and Italy left little room to expand in Europe. Germany and Italy both needed raw materials to “catch up” with Britain and France so they looked to Africa. The Scramble for Africa  The scramble started in 1870.  Although some coastal land had previously been acquired before 1870, the need for territory quickly accelerated as European countries looked t get deeper into Africa.  Within 20 years, nearly all continents were placed under imperialistic rule. Who was Involved?  Great Britain  France  Germany  Italy  Portugal  Belgium  Spain (kind) Violent Affairs  Violence broke out multiple times when European nations looked to claim the same territory.  Germ Chancellor. Otto van Bismarck. Attempted to avert the possibility of violence against the European powers.  In 1884, Bismarck organized a conference in Berlin for the European nations. The Berlin Conference (1884-85)  The conference looked to set ground rules for future annexation of African territory by European Nations.  Annexation is the forcible acquisition and assertion of legal title over one state’s territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory.  From a distant perspective, it looked like it would reduce tensions among European nations and avert war.  At the heart of the meeting, these European countries negotiated their claims to African territory, made it official and then mapped their regions.  Furthermore, the leaders agreed to allow free trade among imperialized territory and some homework for negotiating future European claims in Africa was established. Further Path  After the conference, european powers continued to expand their claims in Africa so that by 1900. 90% of the African territory had been claimed. A Turn towards Colonization?  Upon the imperialization of African territory, European nations and little interest in African land unless it produced economic wealth.  Therefore, European governments put little effort and expertise into these imperialized regions.  In most cases, this emat a form of indirect rule. Thus, governing the natin without sufficient settlement and government from within the mother country. Some Exceptions  There were some exemptions through in Africa as colonization was a necessary for some regions i n Africa.  Some regions where diamonds and gold were present. Government looked to protectorate the regions and establish rule and settlement in the regions.  Protectorates: A state controlled and protected by another state for defense against aggression and other law violations. Would  Some examples include South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Congo. Conclusion  Although it may appear that the Berlin Conference averted war amid the African Scramble, imperialism eventually brought the world into worldwide conflict.  With the continued desire to create an empire by European nations. World War 1 would break out which can be linked to this quest at imperialism.
Updated 490d ago
note Note
Imperialism Rise in Nationalism • During the French and Industrial Revolution, nationalism continued to inspire nations to increase their political and economic power. • Nationalism became the ideal force in the political, economic, and cultural life in the world, becoming the first universal ideology-organizing all people into a nation state. Nationalism Defined • The strong belief that the interest of a particular nation-state is of primary importance. o Nation-State – a state where the vast majority shares the same culture and is conscious of it. It is an ideal in which cultural boundaries match up with political ones. • As an ideology, it is based on the idea that the individual’s loyalty and devotion to the nation-state surpass other individual/group interests. • Exalting one nation’s belief above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests, excluding the interests of others. Changing the World through a Nationalistic Vision • The French Revolution significantly changed the political world and how countries govern. • The Industrial Revolution significantly changed the economic world. • The Age of Imperialism (1870-1914) dramatically changed the political, economic, and social world. What is Imperialism? • Imperialism- The policy of extending the rule of authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies. Power and influence are done through diplomacy or military force. Reasons for Imperialism • There are 5 main motives for empires to seek to expand their rule over other countries or territories: 1. Exploratory • Imperial nations wanted to explore territory unknown to them. • The main purpose for this exploration of new lands was for resource acquisition, medical or scientific research. o Charles Darwin • Other reasons: o Cartography (map making) o Adventure 2. Ethnocentric • Europeans acted on the concept of ethnocentrism o Ethnocentrism- the belief that one race or nation is superior to others. • Ethnocentrism developed out of Charles Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” theory. Philosophers used the theory to explain why there were superior races and inferior races. o This became known as Social Darwinism. • Most imperial nations believed that their cultural values or beliefs were superior to other nations or groups. • Believed imperial conquest would bring successful culture to inferior people. 3. Religious • Imperial expansion promoted a religious movement of people setting out to convert new members of conquered territories. • With the belief that Christianity was superior, missionaries believed it was their duty to spread Christianity to the world. • Christian missionaries established churches, and in doing so, they spread Western culture values as well. • Typically, missionaries spread the imperial nation's language through education and religious interactions. 4. Political • Patriotism and Nationalism helped spur our imperial growth, thus creating competition against other supremacies. • It was a matter of national pride, respect, and security. • Furthermore, European rivalry spurred nations for imperial conquest. Since land equaled power, the more land a country could acquire the more prestige they could wield across the globe. • Empires wanted strategic territory to ensure access for their navies and armies around the world. • The empire believed they must expand, thus they needed to be defended. 5. Economic • With the Industrial Revolution taking place during the same time, governments and private companies contributed to find ways to maximize profits. • Imperialized countries provided European factories and markets with natural resources (old and new) to manufacture products. • Trading posts were strategically placed around imperialized countries to maximize and increase profits. o Such places as the Suez Canal in Egypt which was controlled by the British provided strategic choke hold over many European powers. o Imperial powers competed over the best potential locations for resources, markets, and trade. History of Imperialism • Ancient Imperialism 600 BCE-500 CE o Roman Empire, Ancient China, Greek Empire, Persian Empire, Babylonian Empire. • Middle Age Imperialism (Age of Colonialism-1400-1800s) o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands (Dutch), Russia. • Age of Imperialism 1870-1914 o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Japan, United States, Ottoman Empire, Russia. • Current Imperialism...? o U.S. Military intervention (i.e. Middle East) o Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine. Imperialism Colonialism • Refers to political or economic control, either legally or illegally. • Refers to where one nation assumes control over the other. • Creating an empire, expanding into neighboring regions and expanding the dominance far outside its borders. • Where a country conquers and rules over other regions for exploiting resources from the conquered country for the conqueror's benefit. • Foreign government controls/governs a territory without significant settlement. • Foreign government controls/governs the territory from within the land being colonized. • Little to no new settlement established on fresh territory. • Movement to settle to fresh territory. Age of Colonialism WHEN? • Started around the late 1400s and ended around the late 1700s/early 1800s. WHY? • Primary Reason: European countries, wished to find a direct trade route to Asia (China & India) and the East Indies. o Quicker and relatively more effective than land routes over Asia. • Secondary Reason: Empire expansion (land power) WHO? • Countries involved: Great Britain, France, Spain, the Dutch & Portugal. • Individuals’ knowns as Mercantilists believed that maintaining imperialized territory and colonizing the region could serve as a source of wealth, while personal motives by rulers, explorers, and missionaries could therefore promote their own agenda. o This agenda being “Glory, God and Gold”. Mercantilism • Mercantilism was a popular and main economic system for many European nations during the 16th to 18th centuries. • The main goal was to increase a nation’s wealth by promoting government rule of a nation’s economy for the purpose of enhancing state power at the expense of rival national power. • It was the economic counterpart of political absolutism. Why did mercantilists want colonies? • Mercantilists believed that a country must have an excess of exports over imports. • By colonizing territory, it provided the nation with indispensable wealth of precious raw materials. • Therefore, the claimed territory served as a market and supplier of raw materials for the mother country. Which, in time, provided an excess of exports for the nation and thus created wealth. o Development of Trading Companies to support this economic system. Hudson Bay Company – (1670). Controlled primarily North America. o Dutch East Indie Trading Company (1682) o East Indian Trading Company (1600) o Royal African Trade Company (1672) WHERE? • European nations begun to colonize the America, India and the East Indies to create a direct trade route. • Great Britain was the leading power in India, Australia and North America, South Africa. • Spain colonized central and South America. • French held Louisiana, coastal land of Africa and French Guinea. • The Dutch built an empire in the East Indies. • The Portuguese was able to take control of present-day Brazil and the southern tip of South America and Japan. Age of Colonialism • As countries started to imperialize these regions, eventually the concept of colonization took hold: • This is what makes the Age of Colonialism extremely different! End of Colonialism • By 1800, colonialism became less popular • Why? o Revolutions (Spain, France & American) o The Napoleonic Wars o Struggle for nationalism and democracy. o Exhausted all money and energy to supervise their colonies. Waiting to wake again • Imperialism would stay quiet for close to 50 years before Great Britain and France’s economies revitalized. • The outbreak of the Industrial Revolution only encouraged and revitalized European nations to begin their conquest for new territory and resources. Age of Imperialism THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA 1870-1914 Conditions Prior to Imperialism of Africa  European interest in exploiting Africa was minimal.  Their economic interests & profit in Africa primarily came through coastal trade that took place during the 1500-1700s.  The slave trade became the main source of European profit.  Furthermore, disease, political instability, lack of transportation and unpredictable climate all discouraged Europeans from seeking territory. Slave Trade & the Trans-Atlantic Slave Voyages  Forced labor was not uncommon during the 13-17th Centuries. Africans and Europeans had been trading goods and people across the Mediteranea for centuries.  This all changed from 1526 to 1867, as a new system of slavery was introduced that became highly “commercialized, racialized and inherited”  By 1690, the America and West Indies saw approximately 30,000 African people shipped from Africa. A century later, that number grew to 85,000 people per year.  By 1867, approximately 12.5 million people (about twice the population of Arizona) left Africa in a slave ship. What Changed? 1. End of the Slave Trade- Left a need for trade between Europe and Africa. 2. Innovation in technology- The steam engine and iron hulled boats allowed Europe 3. Discovery of new raw materials- Explorers located vast raw materials and resources and this only spurred imperialism with Europe in the wake of the Industrial Revolution. 4. Politics- Unification of Germany and Italy left little room to expand in Europe. Germany and Italy both needed raw materials to “catch up” with Britain and France so they looked to Africa. The Scramble for Africa  The scramble started in 1870.  Although some coastal land had previously been acquired before 1870, the need for territory quickly accelerated as European countries looked t get deeper into Africa.  Within 20 years, nearly all continents were placed under imperialistic rule. Who was Involved?  Great Britain  France  Germany  Italy  Portugal  Belgium  Spain (kind) Violent Affairs  Violence broke out multiple times when European nations looked to claim the same territory.  Germ Chancellor. Otto van Bismarck. Attempted to avert the possibility of violence against the European powers.  In 1884, Bismarck organized a conference in Berlin for the European nations. The Berlin Conference (1884-85)  The conference looked to set ground rules for future annexation of African territory by European Nations.  Annexation is the forcible acquisition and assertion of legal title over one state’s territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory.  From a distant perspective, it looked like it would reduce tensions among European nations and avert war.  At the heart of the meeting, these European countries negotiated their claims to African territory, made it official and then mapped their regions.  Furthermore, the leaders agreed to allow free trade among imperialized territory and some homework for negotiating future European claims in Africa was established. Further Path  After the conference, european powers continued to expand their claims in Africa so that by 1900. 90% of the African territory had been claimed. A Turn towards Colonization?  Upon the imperialization of African territory, European nations and little interest in African land unless it produced economic wealth.  Therefore, European governments put little effort and expertise into these imperialized regions.  In most cases, this emat a form of indirect rule. Thus, governing the natin without sufficient settlement and government from within the mother country. Some Exceptions  There were some exemptions through in Africa as colonization was a necessary for some regions i n Africa.  Some regions where diamonds and gold were present. Government looked to protectorate the regions and establish rule and settlement in the regions.  Protectorates: A state controlled and protected by another state for defense against aggression and other law violations. Would  Some examples include South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Congo. Conclusion  Although it may appear that the Berlin Conference averted war amid the African Scramble, imperialism eventually brought the world into worldwide conflict.  With the continued desire to create an empire by European nations. World War 1 would break out which can be linked to this quest at imperialism.
Updated 490d ago
note Note

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