US History CLEP II

US History CLEP II

Where did Tammany Hall (political machine) get most of its support?

Poor immigrants and ethnic communities in the inner cities. they promised them help in return for votes.

European Musical Influence+African\=a 1890s New Orleans originated musical genre...

Jazz

Tet Offensive

failed attacks by the Vietcong guerillas and North Vietnamese, but it simultaneously ended US hopes for an early end to the Vietnam War

What event triggered the Truman Doctrine?

The Greek Civil War

What was the Greek Civil War about?

Greece was torn between Communism and democracy and they could not have defeated communism without western help.

Cause of the Spanish-American War

American expansionism and support for the Cuban nationalism.

US Senate reaction to the 1918 Treaty of Versailles?

The Senate was angry at Wilson for the way he handled the negotiations and for the treaty that the peace conference produced. Wilson refused to compromise on various treaty provisions and the senate rejected the treaty both times it was sent to them.

The Lost Generation

Young writers disillusioned by the materialism, decadence, and conformity dominating 1920s America

Boss Tweed

Leader of the Democratic Tammany Hall, New York political machine (greedy)

Name four factors that contributed to the Great Depression

1) excessive stocks and securities speculation 2) protectionist trade measures 3) huge farm debts resulting from collapsed crop prices 4) imbalance of distribution of wealth in which the rich controlled far too much of the available income

Indian Reorganization Act of 1934

This Act reversed previous Indian policy by guaranteeing religious freedom and tribal self-government and providing economic assistance.

Lyndon Johnson's Great Society Program

Aimed to secure civil rights for all Americans and eliminating poverty.

Smoot-Hawley Tariffs long term effect

Europe retaliated and our economy as well as theirs weakened.

Smoot-Hawley Tariffs

Raised US tariffs on imported goods. Second highest raise in US history...decreased our exports and imports by half.

Why was the Iran-Contra Affair upsetting?

We traded arms to Iran for the release of our hostages.

what area of the US saw the greatest percentage of population increase between 1860 and 1910?

The Great Plains

Why was the 14th amendment important?

Guaranteed equal protection under the law for every American citizen.

Who was president for the 14th amendment?

Andrew Johnson

13th amendment

Prohibited slavery.

15th amendment

Guaranteed voting rights.

19th amendment

Women could vote.

16th amendment

Authorized income tax.

Why did Watergate lead to Nixon's impeachment?

Because of his role of covering it up.

Atlantic Charter

Set collective war strategy and long-term war goals for Britain and the United States.

Dawes Severalty Act of 1887

Sponsored by Senator Henry L Dawes, this act dissolved many tribes as legal entities, wiped out tribal ownership of land, and set up individual Indian family heads with 160 free acres. If the Indians behaved like "good white settlers" then they would get full title to their holdings as well as citizenship. The Dawes Act attempted to assimilate the Indians with the white men.

Marshall Plan

A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952)

Truman Doctrine

President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology

W.E.B. DuBois

Fought for African American rights. Helped to found Niagra Movement in 1905 to fight for and establish equal rights. This movement later led to the establishment of the NAACP

John Dewey

He was a philosopher who believed in "learning by doing" which formed the foundation of progressive education. He believed that the teachers' goal should be "education for life and that the workbench is just as important as the blackboard."

Dumbarton Oaks Conference

In a meeting near Washington, D.C., held from August 21 to October 7, 1944, U.S., Great Britain, U.S.S.R. and China met to draft the constitution of the United Nations.

Worst unemployment rate during depression?

25%

Turning Point in Pacific war between U.S. and Japan

Midway

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

Ordered the desegregation of public schools, prohibiting the practice of segregation via "separate but equal" schools for blacks and whites.

One of the major effects of the Industrial Revolution

Emphasis on speed over quality of work.

American hostage crisis in Iran

American gov allowed the deposed Iranian Shah to come to the U.S. for cancer treatment.

Roosevelt's "Good Neighbor" Policy

Retreat from the military interventionism and blatant economic domination, which had characterized previous American policy toward Latin America.

Reaganomics

"Trickle Down" theory- supply side economic policies. cut federal spending on domestic programs and cut taxes for the wealthy and corporations. he thought this would help create new jobs.

Fourteen Points

Woodrow Wilson's 1918 proposal to convince Germans they would be treated fairly if they surrendered.

U.S. presidents between 1876-1900 had little influence and were considered weak. why?

They considered themselves caretakers, not dynamic initiators of new legislation.

How did Muckrakers contribute to the rise of Progressivism?

Exposes of government and business corruption, abuse, and mismanagement led to widely supported public demands for effective reform.

New Deal

The historic period (1933-1940) in the U.S. during which President Franklin Roosevelt's economic policies were implemented.

Name some New Deal agencies

Civil Works Administration, Civilian Conservation Corps, Works Progress Administration, National Youth Administration.

Most important factor in the Plains Indians' societies

The destruction of the buffalo herds by whites.

What did the sharecropping system do after the Reconstruction?

Pushed tenant farmers and poor independent farmers into deep levels of debt to large landowners and merchants.

Interstate Commerce Act of 1887

Curbed abusive pricing and hauling policies by the nation's railroads.

Knights of Labor

The only dominant broad-based labor union in the US from 1870-1890

Why did the US refuse to participate in the 1980 Moscow Olympics?

The Soviets had invaded Afghanistan.

Betty Friedan

Wrote "the feminine mystique" about feminism. women can do anything men can do.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Outlawed discrimination toward African-American voters

What did Reagan's economic recovery act of 1981 do?

Reduced federal income taxes for all taxpayers.

Reagan ordered the invasion of what small island in order to prevent it from becoming communist?

Grenada

What group of voters did Nixon appeal to in 1968?

The silent majority; Nixon's slogan was "law and order.”

What was the silent majority?

The citizens who weren't really involved in the violent anti-war Vietnam protests. They didn't involve themselves in race riots or activism. The silent majority was the average citizen. hard working middle class conservative.

Bush wanted to invade Kuwait...what was the result of that vote?

A slim majority, but it gave the approval for the war enough edge to win out. (gulf war)

NSC

National Security Council

What did the NSC in the early years of the Cold War approve of?

New taxes to fund military growth

Americans with Disabilities Act

Passed by Congress in 1991, this act banned discrimination against the disabled in employment and mandated easy access to all public and commercial buildings.

Taft-Harley Act

Prohibited strikes. right to work laws (companies couldn't force union membership) aka labor management relations act.

What were the SALT treaties?

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks- for the purpose of armament control between US and Soviets.

SALT 1 treaty (1972)

Froze the number of weapons where they were at. Nixon. Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) meaning if both sides deployed their missiles then both parties would be destroyed...there would be no "victory."

SALT I

The first treaty between the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics resulting from the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks.

SALT II

(JEC) 1979, Second Strategic Arms Limitations Talks. A second treaty was signed on June 18, 1977 to cut back the weaponry of the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. because it was getting too competitive. Set limits on the numbers of weapons produced. Not passed by the Senate as retaliation for U.S.S.R.'s invasion of Afghanistan, and later superseded by the START treaty.

Great Railroad Strike of 1877

Part of the panic of 1873 (long depression) in which president Rutherford Hayes sent in troops to stop the strikers. Because of the financial losses, more people started to turn to the democrats, and stopped supporting the republicans (the people forcing the reconstruction).

Tenure of Office Act

A president can't take someone out of office just because they were appointed by a previous president unless Congress agrees.

What happened when Andrew Johnson tried to remove Secretary of War Stanton from office despite the tenure of office act?

He came within one vote of impeachment.

The Compromise of 1877

The election between Hayes (republican) and Tilden (democrat). there were contested votes in some southern states, so in this compromise, the south agreed to let Hayes win if the republicans put a stop to the reconstruction. Freedman viewed this as a betrayal, because whites began to ignore the assurance of civil rights in the south.

Which president was responsible for the income tax? (16th Amendment)

Wilson.

Casablanca conference

Churchill and FDR decided that the unconditional surrender of the Axis powers was necessary.

Farmers' Alliances of the 1880s

Appealed to Southern and Great Plains farmers frustrated with low crop prices and drowning in the sharecropping and crop lien systems.

ABC programs

Those implemented by Franklin Delano Roosevelt during the Great Depression to give relief to the unemployed.

Affirmative Action

Programs designed to overcome past discriminatory actions such as providing employment opportunities to members of a group that were previously denied employment because of racial barriers.

Amendment

The modification of the constitution or a law.

Appeasement

The act of making concessions to a political party of military rival.

Big Stick Diplomacy

Using American military power to fortify the diplomatic policies of the United States.

Big Three

The leaders of the three major allied powers- Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin.

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the constitution.

Bipartisan

Politics that emphasizes cooperation between the major parties

Black Tuesday

October 29, 1929, the day the stock market fell about 40 points with 16.5 million shares traded.

Block grants

Federal money provided to a state of local government for a general purpose, such as reducing crime or improving education, with relatively few requirements on how the states can spend the money.

Caucus

A closed meeting of Democratic Party leaders to agree on a legislative program.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Legislative act that removed racial barriers in all places vested with public interest.

Class Action Suit

A lawsuit filed on behalf of a group of persons with a similar legal claim against a party or individual.

Cloture

Parliamentary procedure for ending debate and calling for an immediate vote on a pending matter.

Conglomerate

A corporation that has many businesses in unrelated fields.

Contras

Right wing guerillas who fought the leftist Sandinista government of Nicaragua.

Court Packing

The act of placing members of the same political party on the bench so that opinion of the court will be consistent with the political party's ( seen most dramatically with Franklin D. Roosevelt).

Crime of '73

What pro-inflation forces called the demonetization of silver.

De Facto Segregation

Segregation that results from nongovernmental action; i.e.,administered by the pubic.

De Jure segregation

Legally established segregation.

Deregulation

The act of reducing or eliminating economic controls.

Dixiecrats

Southern Democrats who opposed Truman because of his support of civil rights; nominated Strom Thurmond for president in 1948 campaign.

Dred Scott vs. Sanford

The supreme court upheld the right of a slave owner to reclaim his property after the slave had fled into a free state.

Eminent Domain

The power of a government to seize private property for public use, usually with compensation to the owner.

Ethnocentrism

A belief that one's ethnic group is superior

Executive Agreement

Informal agreements made by the executive with a foreign government.

Filibuster

A senator who gains the floor has the right to go in talking until the senator relinquishes the floor to another.

Franchise

The right to engage in the electing of public office holders.

Gerrymander

Redrawing of congressional districts in order to secure as many representative party voters as possible.

Gideon vs. Wainwright

Case decided by the U.S supreme court in 1963 that established the right to legal representation for all defendants in criminal cases.

GOP

The Republican party