CEP 240 Ch. 7 Learning Disabilities

CEP 240 MSU special education.

Learning Disability

A disability that affects the acquisition of knowledge or skills, in particular any of various neurodevelopmental conditions affecting the learning and use of specific academic skills.

A team may determine that a child has a specific learning disability if:

Child has a severe discrepancy between achievement and intellectual ability in one or more of these areas: Oral expression, Listening comprehension, Written, Reading, or Math skill.

Discrepancy

In regard to learning disabilities, the difference between the student’s actual academic performance and their estimated ability.

response to intervention (RTI)

A strategy typically used for determining whether a student has a learning disability. The student is exposed to increasing levels of validated instructional intervention; responsiveness to the instruction is assessed; a lack of adequate progress typically leads to a referral for possible special education services.

Exclusionary clause

In regard to learning disabilities, the elimination of possible etiological factors to explain a student’s difficulty in learning.

Acquired trauma

Describing injury or damage to the central nervous system (CNS) that originates outside the person and results in learning disorders.

Neurological Dysfunction

Conditions that affect how your nervous system functions. This involves your central nervous system and peripheral nervous system.

Prenatal Causes of Learning Disabilities.

Maternal use of illicit drugs, alcohol ,and smoking.

Perinatal Causes of Learning Disabilities.

Anoxia, Prematurity/low birth weight, Prolonged and difficult delivery, Trauma caused by medical instruments.

Postnatal Causes of Learning Disabilities.

Concussions, Head injury, accidents, High fever, Meningitis/encephalitis or Strokes

Familiarity studies

Methods for assessing the degree to which a particular characteristic is inherited; the tendency for certain conditions to occur in a single family.

Heritability studies

Methods for assessing the degree to which a specific condition is inherited; a comparison of the prevalence of a characteristic in fraternal versus identical twins.

Dyscalculia

A learning disability that causes difficulty in understanding quantities, numbers, and basic arithmetic facts

Dysgraphia

A learning disability that affects a person's ability to write fluently and legibly.

Dyslexia

A learning disability that affects a person's ability to recognize words, spell, and decode.

Nonverbal

Learning disability that involves struggles with nonverbal aspects as well as coordination.

A learning disability does not exist without __________.

significant impairments in academic achievement.

Phonemic awareness

Understanding that words are constructed of small units of sounds known as phonemes.

Phonemes

Smallest units of sound found in spoken language.

Short Term Memory

The recall of information after a brief period of time.

Working Memory

The ability to retain information while also engaging in another cognitive activity.

Metacognition

The ability to evaluate and monitor one’s own performance.

Learned helplessness.

Loss of self-esteem and a lack of motivation are common consequences of this phenomenon.

Social Imperceptiveness

A lack of skill in detecting subtle affective cues

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

A disorder characterized by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and/or impulsivity. Frequently observed in individuals with learning disabilities.

Progress monitoring

The frequent and systematic assessment of a student’s academic progress.

Norm-referenced assessments

Standardized tests on which a student’s performance is compared to that of their peers.

Criterion-referenced assessments

Assessment procedures in which a student’s performance is compared to a particular level of mastery.

Curriculum-based measurement (CBM)

A formative assessment procedure for monitoring student progress in core academic subjects that reflect the local school curriculum.

Authentic assessment

An evaluation of a student’s ability by means of various work products, typically classroom assignments and other activities.

Self-Instruction

A cognitive strategy for changing behavior; children initially talk to themselves out loud while performing a task and verbally reward themselves for success.

Learning strategies

Instructional methodologies focusing on teaching students how to learn; designed to assist children in becoming more actively engaged and involved in their own learning.

Summary of performance (SOP)

Federally required summary of the individual’s academic achievement and functional performance with recommendations for supports aimed at assisting the adolescent in achieving their transition goals.

Auditory processing disorder

A Neurological condition that affects the brain's ability to process and interpret sounds.