AP Bio- Unit 1 Vocab

Hypothesis

Hypothesis

predictions that can be tested by recording more observations or experiments

theory

summarizes a group of hypotheses

inductive reasoning

derives generalizations based on a large number of specific generalizations

experimental group

the group tested in an experiment

scientific law

statement of fact, usually as a mathematical formula

control group

the results that are expected, can be positive or negative

positive control group

group not exposed to the experimental treatment or independent variable, but it is exposed to treatment known to produce the expected effect

negative control group

group not exposed to any treatment or is exposed to a treatment that is known to have no effect

deductive reasoning

specific results are derived from general premises

independent variable

the one factor that is changed by the experimenter and represents a quantity that is being manipulated

constants

all the factors that stay the same in an experiment

alternate hypotheses

the alternate ways a null hypotheses may be disproven

null hypotheses

a hypothesis that the researchers tries to disprove, reject, or nullify

dependent variable

the factor which is measured in an experiment and depends on how the independent variable is manipulated

mean

the average of the data set

median

the middle number in a range of data points

central tendencies

how the center of a distribution can be described- mean, median, sometimes mode

mode

the value that appears the most often in a data set

variability

the measure of how far a data set diverges from the entral tendency (ie. how spread out thte data is)

range

the difference between the largest and smallest values of data

standard deviation

a measure of how spread out the data is from the mean

standard error of the mean

used to determine the precision of and confidence in the mean value (how does the mean of the sample represent the man of the populations?)

matter

anything that has mass and volume

compound

a substance containing two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio

element

substance that can't be broken down into other substances by chemical reactions

octet rule

elements will gain, lose, or share electrons to complete their valence shell and become stable

capillary action

the upward movement of water due to the forces of cohesion, adhesion, and surface tension

chemical bonds

an attraction between two atoms, resulting from sharing or transferring of valence electrons

hydrogen bonds

the partially positive hydrogen atom in one polar covalent molecule will be attracted to an electronegative atom in another polar covalent bond

covalent bonds

when two or more atoms share electrons; between two nonmetals

nonpolar covalent bonds

electrons are shared equally between two atoms

polar covalent bonds

unequal sharing of electrons between two atoms

ionic bonds

the attraction between ions; metal transfers electrons to nonmetal

cohesion

attraction of molecules to other molecules of the same kind

electronegativity

the measure of an atom's ability to attract electrons to itself

adhesion

the clinging of one molecule to a different molecule

atomic mass

the number of protons + the number of neutrons averaged over all the naturally occurring isotopes of an element

solute

a substance that is dissolved

solvent

dissolving agent in a solution

solution

homogenous mixture of a solute + a solvent

valence electrons

electrons in the outer shell of an atom that is responsible for the chemical properties of the atom

molecule

a group of atoms bonded together

acid

a substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution

base

a substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution

functional group

a specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon of skeletons of organic molecules and involved in chemical reactions

organic chemistry

the study of compounds with covalently bonded carbon

organic compounds

a chemical compound containing carbon

hydrocarbon

an organic molecule consisting of only carbon and hydrogen

ATP

releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. Energy is used to drive the endergoi reactions in cells

macromolecule

a giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a dehydration reaction (polysaccharides, proteins, nucleic acids)

dehydration reaction

a chemical reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule

hydrolysis

a chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water; functions is disassembly of polymers and monomers

polymers

a long molecule consisting of many simulator identical monomers linked together by covalent bond

monomers

the subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer

disaccharide

a double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis

amino acids

an organic molecule possessing both a carboxyl and an amino group. serves as the monomer of polypeptides

polypeptide

a polymer of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds

cellulose

a structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by beta glycosidic linkages

monosaccharide

the simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. AKA simple sugars, (1:2:1 ratio of Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen)

polysaccharide

a polymer of many monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions

glycogen

an extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscles of animals; the animal equivalent of starch

hydrophobic

having no affinity for water, folds towards inside of cell

hydrophilic

having an affinity for water, folds towards outside of cell

monomer

the subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer

glycosidic linkage

a covalent ond formed beween tow monosacchardies by a dehydration reaction

starch

a storage polysaccharide in plants, consisting entirely of glucose monomers joined by alpha glycosidic linkages

primary structure

the level of protein structure referring to the specific linear sequence of amino acids

secondary structure

regions of repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bonding between constituents of the backbone (not the side chains)

tertiary structure

the overall shape of a protein molecule due to interactions of amino acid side chains, including hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bridges.

quaternary structure

the particular shape of a complex, aggregate protein, defined by the characteristic 3D arrangement of its constituent subunits, each a polypeptide

lipid

any of a group of large biological molecules, including fats, phosphlipids, and steroids, that mix poorly, if at all, with water

fat

a lipid consisting of 3 fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule; also called a triglyceride

amino acid

an organic molecule possessing both a carboxyl and an amino group; serve asteh monomers of polypeptides

phospholipids

a lipid made up of a glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group; the hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids are nonpolar/hydrophobic head, the tail is polar/hydrophilic; form bilayers that function as biological membranes

denature

in proteins a process in which a protein loses it native shape due to the disruption of weak chemical bonds and interactions, thereby becoming biologically inactive; in DNA, the separation of the two strands of the double helix; occurs under extreme (noncellular) conditions of pH, salt concentration, or temperature

protein

a biologically functional molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific 3D structure

steroid

a type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings with various chemical groups attached.

antiparallel

referring to the arrangement of the sugar phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix; run in opposite 5' to 3' directions

DNA

a nucleic acid molecule, usually a double-stranded helix, in which each polynucleotide strand consists of nucleotide monomer with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine

RNA

a type of nucleic acid consisting of a polynucleotide made up of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases: adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil; usually single-stranded; functions in protein synthesis, gene regulation, and as the genome of some viruses

nucelotide

the building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and one to three phosphate groups

nucleic acid

a polymer (polynucleotide) consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins, and through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities. The two types of DNA and RNA

gene

a discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA in some viruses)

pyrimidine

one of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a six-membrane ring; cytosine, thymine, and uracil

purine

one of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a six-membrane ring fused to a five-membrane ring; adenine, guanine