ORG CHEM LAB FINALS

primary (1°) haloalkane

the carbon bonded to the halogen atom is only attached to one other alkyl group.

secondary (2°) haloalkane

the carbon bonded with the halogen atom is joined directly to two other alkyl groups that can be the same or different.

tertiary (3°) halogenoalkane

the carbon atom holding the halogen is attached directly to three alkyl groups, which may be any combination of same or different

SN1 Rxn

tert-butyl chloride is the fastest which means that the more stable the carbocation intermediate is, the faster it reacts through ____.

SN2 Rxn

n-butyl chloride is the fastest which means that the lesser the steric effect, the faster it reacts with ____

n-butyl chloride beilstein test

green flame

n-butyl chloride reaction with 2% ethanolic silver AgNO3

Turbid solution in 30 seconds

n-butyl chloride reaction with 15% Nal in anhydrous acetone

white ppt in 10 secs

sec-butyl chloride beilstein test

green flame

sec-butyl chloride reaction with 2% ethanolic silver AgNO3

Turbid solution in 25 secs

sec-butyl chloride reaction with 15% Nal in anhydrous acetone

pale yellow ppt in 15 secs

tert-butyl chloride beilstein test

green flame

tert-butyl chloride reaction with 2% ethanolic AgNO3

White ppt formed in 20 secs

tert-butyl chloride reaction with 15% Nal in Anhydrous Acetone

white crystals

chlorobenzene beilstein test

green flame

chlorobenzene reaction with 2% ethanolic AgNO3

Turbid solution in 50 secs

chlorobenzene reaction with 15% Nal in Anhydrous Acetone

White ppt in 15 secs

Beilstein Test: Copper Halide Test: Benzaldehyde result

Negative

Beilstein Test: Copper Halide Test: Parlon (68% Chlorine)

Green Flame

Beilstein Test: Copper Halide Test: Bromobenze

Green Flame

Beilstein Test: Copper Halide Test: Iodine

Green Flame

Beilstein Test: Copper Halide Test: DCM

Green Flame

Reagent in Lucas test

Anhyroud zinc chloride in conc. HCl

Lucas test: 1 degree alcohol (ethanol) result

no reaction

Lucas test: 2 degree alcohol (isopropyl alcohol) result

formation of ppt after heating

Lucas test: 3 degree alcohol (tert-butyl alcohol) result

formation of white ppt

Chromic Acid Test other name

Jones Oxidation

Chromic Acid Test Reagent

K2Cr2O7 in conc. H2SO4

Chromic Acid Test: Water Result

yellow soln

Chromic Acid Test: Ethanol Result

Green soln

Chromic Acid Test: 2-propanol Result

Green soln

Chromic Acid Test: 2-methyl-2-propanol Result

yellow soln

Chromic Acid Test: Cyclohexanal Result

Greenish- yellow soln

Chromic Acid Test: Salicylic acid Result

Yellow soln

Chromic Acid Test: Water Result after 5 mins

yellow soln

Chromic Acid Test: ethanol Result after 5 mins

bluish soln

Chromic Acid Test: 2-propanol Result after 5 mins

bluish soln

Chromic Acid Test: 2-methyl-2-propanol Result after 5 mins

yellow soln

Chromic Acid Test: Cyclohexanal Result after 5 mins

green soln

Chromic Acid Test: Salicylic acid Result after 5 mins

yellow soln

2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone (2,4-DNP) Reagent

2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone in sulfuric acid and 95% ethanol

2,4-DNP: ethanol result

no reaction

2,4-DNP: ethanoic acid result

no reaction

2,4-DNP: ethyl ethanoate result

no reaction

2,4-DNP: ethanal result

fine orange ppt

2,4-DNP: propanone result

orange ppt

Fehling’s A Reagent

Hydrated Copper (II) in 100 ml water

Fehling’s B Reagent

Potassium Sodium tartrate and 10 g NaOH in 100 ml water

Fehling’s Test: Acetone Result

No reaction

Fehling’s Test: Heptanal Result

Red ppt

Fehling’s Test: Benzaldehyde Result

No reaction

Fehling’s Test: 3-pentanal Result

no reaction

Fehling’s Test: 2-propanol Result

no reaction

Fehling’s Test: Acetophenone Result

no reaction

Tollen’s Silver Mirror Tests Reagent 1

5% Silver Nitrate

Tollen’s Silver Mirror Tests Reagent 2

5% Sodium Hydroxide

Tollen’s Silver Mirror Tests Reagent 3

2% Ammonium hydroxide

Tollen’s Silver Mirror Tests Benzaldehyde Result

no reaction in the video

Tollen’s Silver Mirror Tests Acetone Result

no reaction

Tollen’s Silver Mirror Tests 3-propanone Result

no reaction

Tollen’s Silver Mirror Tests Formalin Result

Silver ppt

Tollen’s Silver Mirror Tests Acetaldehyde Result

Silver ppt

Iodoform test Acetone Result

Yellow ppt

Iodoform test Heptanal Result

No reaction

Iodoform test Benzaldehyde Result

Yellow solution

Iodoform test 3-pentanone Result

no reaction

Iodoform test 2-propanol Result

Yellow ppt

Iodoform test Acetophenone Result

yellow layer on top

What happens when acid chlorides react with water?

react very rapidly with water to form Carboxylic acid and HCl.

Acid chloride positive result

turbidity of substance and the warming effect due to the presence of HCl. 

How does AgNO3 react with acetyl chloride?

It produces AgCl, which forms a white precipitate.

What happens when NaHCO3 is introduced to a solution containing acid chloride?

Effervescence occurs due to the production of CO2 gas.

How does the reactivity of acid anhydrides compare to acid chlorides?

Acid anhydrides are less reactive than acid chlorides.

What products are formed when acid anhydrides undergo hydrolysis?

Two carboxylic acids are produced.

What visible result is observed during the hydrolysis of acid anhydrides?

No visible result is typically observed.

How does hydrolysis occur in ethyl acetate?

Hydrolysis occurs very slowly in ethyl acetate, but it becomes rapid with the introduction of acid or base.

What is saponification?

Saponification is the hydrolysis of esters in aqueous base.

What is the result when benzamide reacts with NaOH?

Benzamide produces a sodium salt and NH3. The presence of NH3 turns litmus paper blue, indicating the presence of a basic compound.

HYDROLYSIS: I. Acyl Halide & Acetic Anhydride

Acetyl chloride other name

Ethanoyl chloride

HYDROLYSIS: I. Acyl Halide & Acetic Anhydride
What is the solvent in both samples?

water

HYDROLYSIS: I. Acyl Halide & Acetic Anhydride
Warming effect or What gas evolved from the reactions of both samples?

Hydrogen Chloride (HCl)

HYDROLYSIS: I. Acyl Halide & Acetic Anhydride

Addition of 2% AgNO3 or what is the color of precipitate in both samples?

White

HYDROLYSIS: I. Acyl Halide & Acetic Anhydride
Addition of NAHCO3 (evolution of gas, What gas?)

Carbon Dioxide

HYDROLYSIS: I. Acyl Halide & Acetic Anhydride
What are the samples used?

Acetyl chloride (ethanoyl chloride) and Acetic anhydride

HYDROLYSIS: II. Esters
What is the sample used in esters?

Ethyl Acetate

HYDROLYSIS: II. Esters
What are the reagents used in esters?

NaOH and HCl

HYDROLYSIS: II. Esters
What is the result or the odor?

Sweet odor and Fruity odor

HYDROLYSIS: III. Amides
What is the sample used?

Benzamide

HYDROLYSIS: III. Amides
What is the reagent used?

10% NaOH

HYDROLYSIS: III. Amides
What is the positive result?

Red Litmus paper turned blue
(formation of ammonium salt)

What is Alcoholysis also known as?

Schotten-Baumann reaction

What are the samples used in Alcoholysis?

Acetic Acid, Acetyl chloride (ethanoyl chloride) and Acetic anhydride

What are the reagents used in Acetic acid sample in Alcoholysis?

Ethanol & sulfuric acid

What is sulfuric acid reagent used for?

it is used as the dehydrating agent

What is the Odor in acetic acid sample in alcoholysis?

sweet-smelling odor

What are the reagents used in Acetyl chloride sample in Alcoholysis?

Ethanol, water, 20% NaOH

What is the Odor in Acetyl chloride sample in alcoholysis?

What is the Formation of layers in Acetyl chloride sample in alcoholysis?

2 layers:
1. Ester layer on the surface
2. Alcohol layer at the bottom

What are the reagents used in Acetic anhydride sample in Alcoholysis?

Ethanol, water, 20% NaOH

What is the Odor in Acetic anhydride sample in alcoholysis?

sweet-smelling odor