APUSH unit 7A

William H. Seward

Expansionism advocate; secretary of state; Carefully managed international affairs during the Civil War and also negotiated the 1867 purchase of Alaska

Monroe Doctrine

Indicating that further colonization by Europe in the Western Hemisphere would be considered a hostile act

Queen Liliuokalani

Last sovereign of the Kamehameha dynasty

Pan-American Conferences

Laid the foundations of what would later become the inter american system; the idea that the US and Latin America should work together

“New Imperialism”

Historians term for late 19th and early 20th century wave of conquests by European powers, the US, and Japan, which were followed by the development and exploitation of the newly conquered territories

Alfred Thayer Mahan

Us navy captain; wrote the influence of sea power upon history; argued that a strong navy was crucial to a country’s ambitions of securing foreign markets and becoming a world power

Darwinism

Survival of the fittest

Expantionists

The policies and practices of invading foreign lands to expand territory, political influence, or ideology

Josiah Strong

Believed that protestant americans had a religious duty to colonize other lands in order to spread Christianity and the benefits of their “superior” civilization  (medicine, science, technology) to “less fortunate” peoples of the world

Jingoism

Intense form of nationalism calling for an aggressive foreign policy; favors a nationalist foreign policy that includes preparedness for war

Cuban Revolt

Caused bc of the problems caused by the tariff and demanded an end to Spanish rule

Yellow journalism

Promoting war fever in the US; a sensationalistic reporting newspaper that featured bold and lurid headlines of crime, disaster, and scandal

Sinking of the Maine

The US battleship Maine exploded and sank in Havana Harbor, 260 Americans died

Teller Amendment

Declared that the US had no intention of taking political control of Cuba and that, once peace was restored to the island, the Cuban people would control their own government

“A splendid little war”

The spanish war– due to its short duration of four months and its low amount of US casualties in battles

The Philippines

US wanted commercial opportunities in Asia

George Dewey

Won the battle of Manila Bay

Rough Riders

A group of American volunteers that formed to fight at San Juan Hill in Cuba. Many were cowboys, ex-convicts, and other rugged men

Puerto Rico

Acquired by the US through treaty of paris

Guam

Acquired by the US through treaty of paris -

Treaty of Paris

US and Spain peace agreement; gave cuba, puerto rico, and guam to the US

Emillio Aguinaldo

Helped americans fight spain only to turn on them once free; fought alongside US troops during the Spanish American war, then turned and led bands of guerilla fighters in a war against US control

Anti-Imperialist League

Led by William jennings bryan; rallied the opposition to further acts of expansion in the Pacific

Insular cases

The court ruled that constitutional rights were not automatically extended to territorial possessions and that the power to decide whether or not to grant such rights belonged to congress

Platt Amendment

1. Required Cuba to agree…

   1. To never sign a treaty w a foreign power that impaired its independence

   2. To permit the US to intervene in Cuba's affairs to preserve its independence and maintain law and order

   3. To allow the US to maintain naval bases in Cuba, including one permanent base at guantanamo Bay

Spheres of influence

Russia, Japan, GB, France, and Germany could dominate trade and investment within their sphere (a particular port/region in China) and shut out competitors

Open Door Policy

Meant that all nations would have equal trading privileges in China

Boxer Rebellion

A secret society of Chinese nationalists (boxers) attacked foreign settlements and murdered dozens of christian missionaries; To protect American lives and property, US troops participated in an international fore that marches into Peking (Beijing) and quickly crushed the rebellion of the Boxers

“Big stick” diplomacy

Roosevelt; based on the theory that the US could use force to maintain stability in Latin America

Theodore Roosevelt

Panama Canal

Critical cornerstone of global maritime transportation

Roosevelt Corollary

To justify US military intervention in Latin America if necessary to forestall interference by European nations

Russo-Japanese War

Imperialist rivalry between Russia and Japan led to war in 1904

“Gentlemen’s agreement”

Informal agreement between US and Japan to ease growing tensions between the 2 countries, particularly pertaining to immigration

Great White FLeet

Fleet of battleships sent to show off US naval power to Japan and other nations; Japanese govt warmly welcomed their arrival in Tokyo Bay

William Howard Taft

27th prez; Dollar diplomacy

“Dollar diplomacy”

exerting financial power as a form of imperialism; William H Taft; depended more on investors’ dollars than on the navy’s battleships

Woodrow Wilson

Democratic; promised a new freedom for the country; opposed imperialism and the big stick & dollar diplomacy policies; 28th prez

Pancho Villa

Basically mexican robin hood’ a famed mexican revolutionary and guerilla leader; led raids across the US-Mexican border and murdered several people in Texas and NM

“Expeditionary force”

Meant to pursue Villa into northern Mexico and failed

Lincoln Steffens

Wrote muckraking articles; tweed days in st. louis, 1902); combined research w sensationalism– these articles set a standard for the deluge of muckraking that followed; also wrote the shame of cities (1904)

Ida Tarbell

Wrote the history of the standard oil company, 1902; combined research w sensationalism– these articles set a standard for the deluge of muckraking that followed

Jacob Riis

wrote articles on tenement life; one of the first photojournalists; how the other half lives (1890)

Secret ballot

Ballots printed by the state and requiring voters to mark their choices secretly within a private booth

Robert LaFollete

Introduced the direct primary

Direct Primary

Robert LaFollete; a new system for bypassing politicians and placing the nominating process directly in the hands of the voters

Direct election of US senators

17th amendment

Required that all US senators be elected by popular vote

initiative, referendum, recall

1. Initiative: a method by which voters could compel the legislation to consider a bill

2. Referendum: a method that allowed citizens to vote on proposed laws printed on their ballots

3. Recall: enabled voters to remove corrupt or unsatisfactory politician from office by majority vote before that official’s term had expired

“Wisconsin idea”

Series of progressive measures that included a direct primary law, tax reform, and state regulatory commissions to monitor railroads utilities, and businesses such as insurance

Temperance and prohibition

National Child Labor Committee

Proposed model state child labor laws that were passed by ⅔ of the states by 1907

Triangle shirtwaist fire

Killed 146, mostly women; sparked greater women’s activism and pushed states to pass laws to improve safety and working conditions in factories

“Square Deal”

Roosevelt’s domestic program formed upon: conservation of natural resources, control of corporations, and consumer protection

Trust-Busting

Any govt activity designed to kill trusts or monopolies

“Bad trusts” & “Good trusts”

1. Bad: harmed the public and stifled competition

2. Good: through efficiency and low prices dominated a market

Elkins Act 1903

Allowed the ICC a greater authority to stop railroads from granting rebates to favored customers

Hepburn Act 1906

Allowed the ICC to fix “just and reasonable” rates for railroads

The Jungle

Muckraking book by Upton Sinclair; described in horrifying detail the conditions in the Chicago stockyards and meatpacking industry; the public outcry following the publication of Sinclair's novel caused Congress to enact the pure food and drug act and the meat inspection act

Upton Sinclair

Wrote The Jungle

Pure Food and Drug Act

Forbade the manufacture of sale of mislabeled or adulterated food/drugs ; gave the govt broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the “patent” drug trade

Meat Inspection Act

Provided that federal inspectors visit meatpacking plants to ensure that they met minimum standards of sanitation

Conservation

roosevelt ; forest reserve act of 1891

Mann-Elkins Act 1910

Gave the Interstate Commerce Commission the power to suspend new railroad rates and to oversee telephone and telegraph companies

16th amendment

Ratified by the states in 1913, authorized the US govt to collect an income tax

Socialist party

Emerged in early 1900; advocate for the working class; called for public ownership of railroads, utilities, and major industries such as oil and steel

Eugene Victor Debs

Socialist; former railway union leader

Bull Moose Party

Progressive republicans that nominated roosevelt

New Nationalism

Included more govt regulation of business and unions, more social welfare programs, and women’s suffrage

New Freedom

Would limit both big business and big govt, bring about reform by ending corruption, and revive competition by supporting small business

Underwood Tariff

Substantially lowered tariffs; to compensate, the bill included a graduated income tax w rated from 1-6%

Federal Reserve Board

Given the power to issue paper money and increase/decrease the amount of money in circulation by altering interest rates

Clayton Antitrust Act

Strengthened the Sherman antitrust Act’s power to break up monopolies. Most important for organized labor, the new law contained a clause exempting unions from being prosecuted as trusts

prohibits price discrimination

Federal Trade Commission

To protect consumers by investigating and taking action against any “unfair trade practice” in any industry except baking and transportation

Child Labor Act 1916

Prohibited shipment in interstate commerce of products manufactured by children under 14 yo. However, a conservative supreme court found this act unconstitutional

Booker T. Washington

W.E.B. Du Bois

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

Wanted to abolish all forms of segregation and increase educational opportunities for African American children

National Urban League

Formed to help people migrating from the South to adjust to northern cities; “Not Alms But Opportunity”-- emphasis on self-reliance and economic

National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

New president: Carrie Chapman Catt; continued seeking women’s suffrage

Alice Paul

Led people who fought for women’s suffrage through mass pickets, parades, and hunger strikes; formed National Women’s Party

National Woman’s Party

Led by Alice Paul; a group of militant suffragists who took to the streets with mass pickets, parades, and hunger strikes to convince govt to give them the right to vote

19th amendment

Guaranteed women’s right to vote in all elections at the local, state, and national levels

League of Women Voters

Civic organization dedicated to keeping voters informed about candidates and issues

Margaret Sanger

Advocated birth control education, especially among the poor

Neutrality

Prez Wilson found it impossible to both steer a neutral course the favored neither the allied powers or the central powers in the outbreak of the european war and still protected US trading rights

Allied Powers

GB, France, Russia

Central Powers

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire of Turkey

Submarine warfare

The submarine was Germany’s one hope for challenging British power at sea

Lusitania

The first major crisis challenging US neutrality occurred when German torpedoes hit and sank a British passenger liner, the Lusitania; most passengers drowned, including 128 Americans

Sussex Pledge

Germany promised to not sink merchant or passenger ships without giving due warning

Propoganda

Britain commanded both seas and the war news that was cabled daily to US newspapers and magazines

Zimmerman telegram

Aroused the nationalist anger of the American people and convinced Wilson that Germany fully expected a war w the US

Russian Revolution

Took place during the final phase of WW1; removed Russia from the war and brought abt the transformation of the Russian Empire into the Union

American Expeditionary Force

Commanded by John J pershing; the first US troops to see action were used to plug weaknesses in the French and British lines

Western Front

The AEF assumed independent responsibility for one segment of the ___________

“Peace without victory”

Wilson's speech that says if we are ever to reach lasting peace, it must be done without one country being victorious over the other (WW1)

Fourteen Points

The war aims outlined by Perz Wilson (1918) which be believed would promote lasting peace; called for self determination, freedom of the sea

Big Four

David George of GB, Georges Clemenceau of France, and VIttorio Orlando of Italy met w Wilson almost daily

Treaty of Versallies

1. Goals:

   1. To punish germany

   2. To apply the principle of self determination, territories once controlled by Germany, Austria-hungary, and Russia were taken by the Allies, independence was granted to Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Finland, and poland; and the new nations of Czechoslovakia and yugoslavia were established

   3. To maintain peace, signers of the treaty joined an international peacekeeping organization, the League of Nations