4008 final | Quizlet

What must one do to become self-actualized?

First satisfy needs that stand lower in an innate hierarchy

In what area(s) did Freud do his early research?

Biology and physiology

When Freud lectured at Clark University, who did he say originated psychoanalysis

Joseph Breuer

What was Freud’s overriding goal in developing his system?

He was not interested in curing people but in explaining the dynamics of human behavior

How did Freud die?

Overdose of morphine(suicide)

Who first argued for humane treatment of the mentally ill?

Juan Luis Vives

How did research on “subliminal perception” relate to Freud’s theory of the unconscious? (P. 372)**

Subliminal perception involves stimuli that are presented below the subjects' levels of conscious awareness.

What were the implications of this research for Freud’s concepts?

Most mental work involved in learning occurs in the unconscious level, supporting Freud's idea that unconscious processes significantly affect behavior

On what grounds did Freud criticize Adler’s system?

Said Adler's system was too simple & could take two years to learn psychoanalysis b/c of its complexities, when Adler could master it within weeks

When Jung discussed “complexes”, what was he talking about?

The experiences in the personal unconscious; A smaller personality within the total personality

What are Archetypes?

Inherited tendencies within the collective unconscious that dispose a person to behave similarly to ancestors who confronted similar situations.

Personal Unconscious?

Contains memories, impulses, wishes, faint perceptions, and other experiences in a person’s life that have been suppressed or forgotten

Collective Unconscious?

 Unknown to the individual; contains cumulated experiences of all previous generations

Persona?

 A mask people wear when coming into contact with others

Dream Analysis?

 A psychotherapeutic technique involving the interpretation of dreams to uncover unconscious conflicts (p. 304)

 How did Dream Analysis relate to Jung himself?

Jung followed his unconscious impulses as revealed in dreams and fantasies

Why did Maslow renounce behaviorism?

Behaviorism was too limited to be relevant to enduring issues

who first discussed the following concepts: a) infantile sexuality, b) libido. c) catharsis, and d) the importance of dreams? 

Infantile sexuality-  Freud

Libido- Freud

Catharsis-  Joseph Breuer

Importance of dreams- Freud

What was Freud’s method for his investigative approach? (p. 311)

Relied on free association, dream analysis and case histories

How was the derivation of Freud’s and Jung’s theories alike?

both autobiographical, relied on their personal unconscious experience

When Freud began his medical training, what was the dominant view as to the cause of mental illness?

Somatic or physical causes

Who did Freud want to replace him as head of the psychoanalytic school?

Carl Jung

Who was Karen Horney?

Early feminist & neo-freudian psychoanalyst

What were her views (Horney) regarding working women?

Supported women's rights to make their own choices & drew distinction b/w traditional woman seeking her identity (marriage & motherhood) & a modern woman (career)

What biographical information was her system reflective of?(horney)

Her childhood

What was Adler’s theory?

Individual psychology; personality that incorporates social as well as biological factors Drive for superiority or perfection is universal

How did he view “inferiority feelings?”(adler)

A major motivating force in behavior; Experienced by all of us; in infancy children's helplessness and dependence on others awaken a sense of inferiority; Leads to improvement; Failure to compensate feeling adequate leads to development of inferiority complex

What were the various concepts he held for his theory? (adler)

Social interest, inferiority complex, superiority

 What did he believe behavior was primarily determined by?(adler)

Behavior was primarily determined largely by social forces, not biological instincts (; striving for goals or anticipating future events can influence present behavior

Who was the first psychiatrist to open a formal practice in the U.S.?

Benjamin Rush

What did “Triebs” refer to in Freud’s system?

human motivating forces like impulse or driving force

Id(freud)

Unconscious, psychic energy that operates on pleasure

Ego(freud)

Mediator between the id and the realities of the external world to facilitate their interaction

Superego(freud)

Moral aspect of personality derived from internalizing parental and societal values and standards

According to Freud, what were the three great shocks to the collective human ego?

-Copernicus: Earth is not the center of the universe

-Darwin: the theory of evolution

-Freud: the influence of unconscious forces

What do Object Relations theorists see as the main influences on personality?

Interpersonal relationships that a person is exposed to, especially in childhood

How might Carl Rogers’ approach be described?

Humanistic- developed person-centered therapy

What does research on happy people tell us?

Happiness comes first, leads to kind of behaviors that can result in success. Defined by strong social relationships, sense of control, self esteem and positive personality traits

In the case of Anna O., what sort of recollections did she reveal while under hypnosis?

Disturbing, traumatic incidents

repression,

Defense mechanism by which anxiety-provoking thoughts and feelings are forced to the unconscious.

rationalization

reinterpreting behavior to make it more acceptable and less threatening

Projection

psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others

Regression-

psychoanalytic defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated

What was a major influence that the humanistic movement exerted on psychology? This influence moved them well away from behaviorism.

Humanistic influence of the emphasis of human strengths, positive aspirations, conscious experience, free will, the fulfillment of human potential, and a belief in the wholeness of human nature

How were the criticisms of evolutionary psychology related to free will, answered?

Humans are still free to choose

What did Maslow mean by Hierarchy of Needs? (p. 344)

Need for self-actualization, Esteem needs (from self and others), Belongingness and love needs, Safety needs: security, order and stability, & Physiological needs: food, water, and sex

Social interest? (maslow)

Flavor of human feelings for mankind expressed by self-actualizing subjects & social nature of personality

Who originated the field of cognitive psychology?

Neisser

Which book was considered to have harkened the beginning of psychoanalysis?

Studies on Hysteria (breuer and freud)

What kind of work were Charcot and Janet engaged in prior to Freud’s work in the same area?

Involved in treating hysteria by hypnosis

What did Klein believe were the implications of the initial social interactions between mother and child?

Argued that child needs to break free from the mother in order to establish individuality within self and others

What was the point of Searle’s Chinese Room Problem?

A computer and a person operate strictly in accordance w/ a set of programmed rules; person does not understand or know chinese & computer does not understand the message

Who developed the first “thinking machine” used for calculations?

Charles Babbage & Henry Hollerith

 What is the difference between conditional and unconditional positive regard? 

Conditional positive regard- If the child is conditional on proper behavior, child will internalize the mother's attitude and develop conditions of worth

Unconditional positive regard- Mother will demonstrate love and acceptance of the child regardless of child's behavior

What is the consequence of conditional positive regard?

Consequence of conditional positive regard- child's self is not allowed to develop fully

 Who was Garry Kasparov? What happened to him?

World champion chess player; He was beat by a computer named Deep Blue

What is the idea behind sociobiology and what assumption did it challenge?

Genetic influences may be more important than cultural ones; Challenged the assumption that everyone is created equal and environmental and social forces alone can improve human development.

Why was Structural Psychology a success? What did it help do for psychology?

It was the first school of thought of a new science & vital source of opposition for the systems. It helped Wundt's goal of establishing psychology as an independent scientific discipline, separate from philosophy.

Who most strongly influenced humane reforms for the mentally ill in the U.S.? (p. 292)

Dorthea Dix

Who introduced the concept of Play Therapy?

Anna Freud

For Neisser, what is the definition of “cognition”?

Processes by which the sensory input is transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered, and used