BM1110 Lec9 Cell Cycle

six criteria of life

all organisms come from a single cell,

all cells in organisms are from fertilized egg,

all organisms have a common ancestor,

composed of similar organic molecules,

same 20 standard L amino acid isomer,

store genetic information in DNA/RNA

two elements that the parent cell provides to the daughter cell

heredity instructions such as DNA, cytoplasmic machinery (organelles)

two unique about prokaryotic cell division

rapid,

ori and ter site to start and end replication

two cell division types in eukaryotes

mitosis, meiosis

The chromosome that comes from each parent encodes the same gene

homologous chromosomes

chromatids that are duplicated

sister chromatids

interphase that does only normal cell activity or check if it is favorable to replicate DNA

gap 1 phase

interphase that cells replicate DNA and have two centrioles for a couple of centrosomes

S phase

interphase when cell check and proofreading and fix DNA for cell division

Gap 2 phase

what happens in prophase

chromosome be visible

what happens in prometaphase

nuclear envelope dissolved,

microtubelus attached to sister chromatids,

what happens in metaphase

duplicated haploid lines up on metaphase plate

what happens in anaphase

spindle pull sister chromatids apart

what happens in telophase

chromatids move to the nuclear pole,

nuclear envelope form

what happens in cytokinesis

microtubelus guide contractile ring formation to pinch cell in the middle

the ring separates cells in cytokinesis

contractile ring

what happens in the cytokinesis of plant cell

vesicle carries cell wall components and cellulose deposited form new cell wall

cells name that consists body

somatic cell

chromosome except sex chromosome

autosome

gamete haploid or diploid

haploid

what is the process to make haploid gametes

meiosis

two unique events occur during meiosis 1

homologous chromosomes pairing, crossing over

what unique happens in prophase 1

homologous chromosomes pairs up,

crossing over

site of crossing over

chiasma

what unique happens in prometaphase 1

homologous chromosomes attached to spindle

what unique happens in metaphase 1

homologous chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate

what unique happens in anaphase 1

homologous chromosomes separated by spindle

what is unique about cells after meiosis 1

they are duplicated haploid rather than diploid as they used to be consisted by sister chromatids before crossing over

what is unique about meiosis 2 compared to mitosis

mitosis divides 4n cell, but meiosis 2 divides 2×n cell

what is the cells result from meiosis

4 complete unique haploid since crossing over

error that homologous chromosomes don't split during anaphase 1

nondisjunction

zygote that is still haploid with sperm chromatids without egg chromatids

monosomy

zygote with three haploid that egg is diploid and haploid from sperm

trisomy

process that removes cells in contrast to mitosis add cells

apoptosis

why apoptosis occur

remove cancerous/virally infected cells,

genetically designed in the way of development

two errors that cause cancer

miss checking in interphase,

incorrect cell division