Anatomy- Chem reviews

Storage of glucose in muscles

Glycogen

Makes up the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane

Phospholipid

Contains genetic information/instructions to make a protein

DNA

Built of amino acids

Proteins

Fat for energy storage

Triglyceride

Simple sugar used for energy

Glucose

Fiber in your diet

Cellulose

Lipid with four fused rings that forms cholesterol and hormones

Steroid

Carbohydrate found in potatoes

Starch

Lipid with polar head and nonpolar tails

Phospholipid

Cellulose and cellulite mean the same thing

False (Cellulose = plant fiber; Cellulite = fat under skin)

Four major elements in the human body

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen

Three subatomic particles

Protons, Neutrons, Electrons

Determines which element atom is

Number of Protons

Determines chemical behavior

Electrons (especially valence electrons)

Equal number gives no charge

Protons and Electrons

Atom with 11 protons

Sodium (Na)

Atomic number

Number of protons

Mass number

Number of protons + neutrons

Gain or lose electrons

Ion

Cation

Positive ion (loses electrons)

Anion

Negative ion (gains electrons)

Sodium gain electrons and become negative

Unlikely; sodium usually loses electrons to form cation

Potassium become anion

Unlikely; potassium usually forms cation

Ionic bond

Attraction between positively and negatively charged ions (transfer of electrons)

Covalent bond

Sharing of electrons between atoms

Nonpolar covalent bond

Equal sharing of electrons (same element or C–H bonds)

Polar covalent bond

Unequal sharing of electrons (like in water)

Bond in a water molecule

Polar covalent bond

Bond between water molecules

Hydrogen bond

Weakest bond

Hydrogen bond

Bond between carbon and nitrogen

Covalent bond (can be polar)

Metabolism

Sum of all chemical reactions in the body

Catabolic reaction

Breaks down molecules, releases energy

Anabolic reaction

Builds molecules, requires energy

Chemical energy

Potential energy stored in chemical bonds

Activation energy

Energy needed to start a chemical reaction

Catalyst

Speeds up reactions by lowering activation energy; not consumed

Enzyme

Protein catalyst that regulates chemical reactions; ends in “

Element that makes a compound organic

Carbon

Polarity of water

Polar; oxygen is partially negative, hydrogens partially positive

Hydrophilic compounds

Compounds with ionic or polar covalent bonds; dissolve in water

Acid

Substance that releases hydrogen ions (H⁺) in water

Base

Substance that releases hydroxide ions (OH⁻) in water

Salt

Inorganic substance that dissociates into cations and anions, not H⁺ or OH⁻

Solution with pH 7

Neutral (H⁺ = OH⁻)

Acidic solution

pH < 7, more hydrogen ions

Alkaline solution

pH > 7, more hydroxide ions

Is water organic

No, water is inorganic

Form from attraction of opposite charges in molecules (not covalent/ionic)

Hydrogen bond