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Italian Renaissance
Rebirth of classic Greek and Roman texts beginning in Italy
City-States
Italy was fragmented into city-states with their own governments and own identities
Republic of Florence
One of the city-states; Medici family as leaders, very wealthy with lots of artists
Medici Family
Rulers of Florence, art patrons, political figures
Machiavelli, The Prince
Better to be feared than loved, rule based more on Roman and Greek rule than present rule
Sack of Rome, 1527
Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain) had troops attacked; symbolised ending of Renaissance
Humanism
Idea of fulfilling whole potenital of a person; well-rounded
Individualism
Belief in people individually rather than as a collective
Secularism
Non-religious, worldly ideas
Civic Humanism
Education should prepare leaders to help in civic or political affairs
Petrarch
First modern writer, called Middle Ages “dark ages”, father of humanism + critical analysis; wrote in Italian vernacular
Vernacular
The spoken language of a certain region
Leonardo Bruni
First to use term Humanism, history in narrative style, civic humanist
Lorenzo Valla
Expert in Latin language, challenged church through interpretation of the Bible
Latin Vulgate
the authorized version of the Bible, Valla pointed out errors, challenging the Church
Marsilio Finco
Humanist philosiphers, educated people on platonism and Plato’s work
Baldassare Castiglione, Book of the Courtier
Book on social etiquette, being a true gentlemen
Johannes Gutenburg, moveable type, printing press
Spread ideas and made printing in vernacular easy
Patronage
Church would help pay for artists in order to glorify God and to gain credibility
Geometric Perspective
3D effects, less flat
Chiaroscuro
Shadow and depth; dark and light colours
Sfumato
“Smokey effect” by blurring or sharpening outlines
Contrapposto
Person standing with most of their weight on one leg in sculpting
Greek Temple Architecture
Columns and triangular pediments
Giotto
First Renaissance painter, use of perspective
Brunelleschi, Il Duomo
Largest dome in Europe, father of linear perspective
Lorenzo Ghiberti, “gates of paradise”
Sculpture, made bronze doors for Flourence
Donatello, David
First Renaissance artist to use nude figure, made of bronse
Masaccio, Expulsioon of Adam and Eve
All characters are nude, 3D painting with nude
Sandro Botticelli, Birth of Venus
Pagan theology, showcases Roman classics, Renaissance thinking
“High Renaissance”
16th Century Rome, arts and worldy Renaissance popes
Bramante
Architect who built a sanctuary for the pope marking beginning of High Renaissance
Leonardo da Vinci, Mona Lisa
Renaissance Man, all around person, famous for Mona Lisa
Raphael, School of Athens
Greco-Roman culture, example of Humanism
Michelangelo, David; ceiling of Sistine Chapel; dome on St. Peters basilica, Pieta
Paintings, sculptures, architects, big artist
Titian
Greates Venetian painter, colour and movement to contrast subtle colours
Andrea Palladio
One of the most influential architects by Greco-Roman culture
Northern Renaissance
Renaissance North of Italy (Germany and such), mroe focused on church reform
Christian Humanism
Emohasized reform for the church to improve society
Erasmus, Praise of Folly
Wanted to reform church, satirical book to show what is corrupt
Thomas More, Utopia
Mixed humanism with religious ideals
Jacques Lefevre d’Etables
French humanist, made 5 versions of the Psalms
Francesco Ximenes de Cisneros
Reformed Spanish clergy, most during reformation did not really apply to Spain
Juan Luis Vives
Father of modern psychology
Michel de Montaigne, skeptisim, essay form
Developed essay form doubted knowlegde could be obtained, need to be cautious
William Shakespeare
Classic Greek and Roman culture in writing, also ideas he had reflected
Flemish style
Low Countries produced especially important artists
Jan van Eyck
Oil painting, symbolism, Flemish painter
Peter Brueghel the Elder
Focused on lives of ordinary people
Albrecht Durer
Northern person but mastered Italian Renaissance techniques, self portraits
Hans Holbein the Younger
Portrait artist, most famous in his time
Mannerism
Art style with both Northern and Italian Renaissance ideas
Fugger family
Patron family in Germany
“Long 16th Century”
Steady population growth, higher life expentancy
Christiine de Pisan
Chronicled great women in history, first feminist
Isabella d’Este
Example of ladies breaking away from husbands, had a window into politics
Nuclear family
Poor people unable to support extended families
Dowries
Arranged marriges for economic and political reasons
Witch hunts
Many people killed in this time because people thought they were witches
New Monarchs
Monarchs consolidating power, taking it from nobles and the church
Military Revolution
Gunpowder, monarchs consolidated power through growing an army and giving less power to nobles
Valois line of French Monarchs
Line of monarchs in France that succeded each other
Louis XI (“Spider King”)
Increased taxes, large military, exerted power over clergy, encouraged economic growth
Francis I
Made concordat of Bologna
Concordat of Bologna, 1516
King could appoint bishops to Gallican (French) Church
Taille
Head tax on land and property
Tudor Dynasty
War of Roses over English crown, Yorkists won making Tudor Dynasty
Henry VII
Reduced influence of nobility, no private armies
Star Chamber
Nobles were tried unfairly, often tortured
Henry VIII
Broke away from Catholic Church, most powerful king for his time
Ferdinand and Isabella
Achieved the Reconquista
Reconquista
Removed Muslims and Jews from Spain
Hermandades
Alliances of cities that were created to oppose nobles, in line with royal authority
Spanish Inquisition
Bring authority to Catholic Church, targeted conversos, anti-semetism
Conversos
Jews who converted to Christianity but were suspected of going back to Judaism
Hapsburgs
Germanic parts of HRE with their own rulers and states
Holy Roman Empire
Was an emperor, never took full control, not a new monarchy
Charles V
Very powerful, controlled Hapsburg and Spain, prevent spread of Protestantism
“God, glory, gold”
Motives of exploration: spread religion, more power, more money
Cartography
Navigation and map making, round globe, maps, etc.
Vasco de Gama
Went around Cape of Good Hope, new route to Asia around Africa
Brazil
Portugal’s major colony in the New World, large number of slaves
Christopher Columbus
Sailed to New World thinking it was Asia, new era of European exploration
Bartolome de las Casas
Critisized the way natives were treated, fought for them as humans
Treaty of Tordesillas
Between Spain and Portugal splitting the world in half for each of them
Conquistadores
Conquerers who created New Spain and began it
Hernan Cortes
Conquered Aztecs in 1521
Francisco Pizarro
Conquered Incas in 1532
Spanish Empire
Where New Spain was in the New World, creating wealth for the mother country
“Golden Age of Spain”
More money made for Spain through metals like gold and silver
Encomienda System
Coerced labour for indigenous populations forcing them to work for Spaniards
Mestizos
Child of a Spaniard and Indigenous person
Creoles
Spaniards born in the New World
“Old Imperialism”
Posts and forts in Africa and Asia, not fully colonizing and taking control or conquering
Dutch Republic (Netherlands)
Starting to pick up in Trade in Asia
Dutch East India Company
Expelled Portugal’s monopoly on spice trade, challenged Spain with African trade
Slave trade
Slaves being brought to Americas in order to help and work on plantations
Middle Passage
The Atlantic Ocean where bad conditions were on ships, many people would die on this route
Trangular trade
Europe: Manufactured goods for Africa, Africa: Slaves for the Americas, Americas: Sugar, tobacco, lumber, and other raw materials for Europe
Columbian Exchange
Biological exhange from Americas and Europe (food, animals, disease)
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