AP Euro - Unit 1 Renaissance and Exploration terms

Italian Renaissance

Rebirth of classic Greek and Roman texts beginning in Italy

City-States

Italy was fragmented into city-states with their own governments and own identities

Republic of Florence

One of the city-states; Medici family as leaders, very wealthy with lots of artists

Medici Family

Rulers of Florence, art patrons, political figures

Machiavelli, The Prince

Better to be feared than loved, rule based more on Roman and Greek rule than present rule

Sack of Rome, 1527

Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain) had troops attacked; symbolised ending of Renaissance

Humanism

Idea of fulfilling whole potenital of a person; well-rounded

Individualism

Belief in people individually rather than as a collective

Secularism

Non-religious, worldly ideas

Civic Humanism

Education should prepare leaders to help in civic or political affairs

Petrarch

First modern writer, called Middle Ages “dark ages”, father of humanism + critical analysis; wrote in Italian vernacular

Vernacular

The spoken language of a certain region

Leonardo Bruni

First to use term Humanism, history in narrative style, civic humanist

Lorenzo Valla

Expert in Latin language, challenged church through interpretation of the Bible

Latin Vulgate

the authorized version of the Bible, Valla pointed out errors, challenging the Church

Marsilio Finco

Humanist philosiphers, educated people on platonism and Plato’s work

Baldassare Castiglione, Book of the Courtier

Book on social etiquette, being a true gentlemen

Johannes Gutenburg, moveable type, printing press

Spread ideas and made printing in vernacular easy

Patronage

Church would help pay for artists in order to glorify God and to gain credibility

Geometric Perspective

3D effects, less flat

Chiaroscuro

Shadow and depth; dark and light colours

Sfumato

“Smokey effect” by blurring or sharpening outlines

Contrapposto

Person standing with most of their weight on one leg in sculpting

Greek Temple Architecture

Columns and triangular pediments

Giotto

First Renaissance painter, use of perspective

Brunelleschi, Il Duomo

Largest dome in Europe, father of linear perspective

Lorenzo Ghiberti, “gates of paradise”

Sculpture, made bronze doors for Flourence

Donatello, David

First Renaissance artist to use nude figure, made of bronse

Masaccio, Expulsioon of Adam and Eve

All characters are nude, 3D painting with nude

Sandro Botticelli, Birth of Venus

Pagan theology, showcases Roman classics, Renaissance thinking

“High Renaissance”

16th Century Rome, arts and worldy Renaissance popes

Bramante

Architect who built a sanctuary for the pope marking beginning of High Renaissance

Leonardo da Vinci, Mona Lisa

Renaissance Man, all around person, famous for Mona Lisa

Raphael, School of Athens

Greco-Roman culture, example of Humanism

Michelangelo, David; ceiling of Sistine Chapel; dome on St. Peters basilica, Pieta

Paintings, sculptures, architects, big artist

Titian

Greates Venetian painter, colour and movement to contrast subtle colours

Andrea Palladio

One of the most influential architects by Greco-Roman culture

Northern Renaissance

Renaissance North of Italy (Germany and such), mroe focused on church reform

Christian Humanism

Emohasized reform for the church to improve society

Erasmus, Praise of Folly

Wanted to reform church, satirical book to show what is corrupt

Thomas More, Utopia

Mixed humanism with religious ideals

Jacques Lefevre d’Etables

French humanist, made 5 versions of the Psalms

Francesco Ximenes de Cisneros

Reformed Spanish clergy, most during reformation did not really apply to Spain

Juan Luis Vives

Father of modern psychology

Michel de Montaigne, skeptisim, essay form

Developed essay form doubted knowlegde could be obtained, need to be cautious

William Shakespeare

Classic Greek and Roman culture in writing, also ideas he had reflected

Flemish style

Low Countries produced especially important artists

Jan van Eyck

Oil painting, symbolism, Flemish painter

Peter Brueghel the Elder

Focused on lives of ordinary people

Albrecht Durer

Northern person but mastered Italian Renaissance techniques, self portraits

Hans Holbein the Younger

Portrait artist, most famous in his time

Mannerism

Art style with both Northern and Italian Renaissance ideas

Fugger family

Patron family in Germany

“Long 16th Century”

Steady population growth, higher life expentancy

Christine de Pisan

Chronicled great women in history, first feminist

Isabella d’Este

Example of ladies breaking away from husbands, had a window into politics

Nuclear family

Poor people unable to support extended families

Dowries

Arranged marriges for economic and political reasons

Witch hunts

Many people killed in this time because people thought they were witches

New Monarchs

Monarchs consolidating power, taking it from nobles and the church

Military Revolution

Gunpowder, monarchs consolidated power through growing an army and giving less power to nobles

Valois line of French Monarchs

Line of monarchs in France that succeded each other

Louis XI (“Spider King”)

Increased taxes, large military, exerted power over clergy, encouraged economic growth

Francis I

Made concordat of Bologna

Concordat of Bologna, 1516

King could appoint bishops to Gallican (French) Church

Taille

Head tax on land and property

Tudor Dynasty

War of Roses over English crown, Yorkists won making Tudor Dynasty

Henry VII

Reduced influence of nobility, no private armies

Star Chamber

Nobles were tried unfairly, often tortured

Henry VIII

Broke away from Catholic Church, most powerful king for his time

Ferdinand and Isabella

Achieved the Reconquista

Reconquista

Removed Muslims and Jews from Spain

Hermandades

Alliances of cities that were created to oppose nobles, in line with royal authority

Spanish Inquisition

Bring authority to Catholic Church, targeted conversos, anti-semetism

Conversos

Jews who converted to Christianity but were suspected of going back to Judaism

Hapsburgs

Germanic parts of HRE with their own rulers and states

Holy Roman Empire

Was an emperor, never took full control, not a new monarchy

Charles V

Very powerful, controlled Hapsburg and Spain, prevent spread of Protestantism

“God, glory, gold”

Motives of exploration: spread religion, more power, more money

Cartography

Navigation and map making, round globe, maps, etc.

Vasco de Gama

Went around Cape of Good Hope, new route to Asia around Africa

Brazil

Portugal’s major colony in the New World, large number of slaves

Christopher Columbus

Sailed to New World thinking it was Asia, new era of European exploration

Bartolome de las Casas

Critisized the way natives were treated, fought for them as humans

Treaty of Tordesillas

Between Spain and Portugal splitting the world in half for each of them

Conquistadores

Conquerers who created New Spain and began it

Hernan Cortes

Conquered Aztecs in 1521

Francisco Pizarro

Conquered Incas in 1532

Spanish Empire

Where New Spain was in the New World, creating wealth for the mother country

“Golden Age of Spain”

More money made for Spain through metals like gold and silver

Encomienda System

Coerced labour for indigenous populations forcing them to work for Spaniards

Mestizos

Child of a Spaniard and Indigenous person

Creoles

Spaniards born in the New World

“Old Imperialism”

Posts and forts in Africa and Asia, not fully colonizing and taking control or conquering

Dutch Republic (Netherlands)

Starting to pick up in Trade in Asia

Dutch East India Company

Expelled Portugal’s monopoly on spice trade, challenged Spain with African trade

Slave trade

Slaves being brought to Americas in order to help and work on plantations

Middle Passage

The Atlantic Ocean where bad conditions were on ships, many people would die on this route

Trangular trade

Europe: Manufactured goods for Africa, Africa: Slaves for the Americas, Americas: Sugar, tobacco, lumber, and other raw materials for Europe

Columbian Exchange

Biological exhange from Americas and Europe (food, animals, disease)