Education

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Ball

Conducted a case study of one school on the south coast of England to investigate why working class children fail in education.

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Beachside Comprehensive (1981)

A study by Ball focusing on the educational experiences of students in mixed ability and banded classes.

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Method of Ball's Study

Involved participant observation and interviews.

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Key Findings of Ball's Study

Students were often placed into bands based on social class rather than academic potential.

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Effect of Mixed Ability Groups

Behaviour improved, although teachers still informally banded students.

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Criticism of Ball's Study

Involved just one school and two year groups, which may not be representative of the population.

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Ball, Bowe and Gerwitz

Investigated the effects of marketization in education.

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Market Forces and Parental Choice (1994)

A study examining how parental choice in schools affects educational standards.

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Method of Ball, Bowe and Gerwitz's Study

Used a mixture of interviews and secondary data at 15 schools.

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Key Findings of Ball, Bowe and Gerwitz's Study

Marketization benefits middle class children whose parents know how to navigate the system.

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Cream-skimming

The practice of allowing only the best students into popular schools.

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Silt-shifting

The process of pushing weaker students to less popular schools.

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Criticism of Ball, Bowe and Gerwitz's Study

Some argue that parental attitudes, not policy changes, caused differences in attainment.

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Durkheim

One of the founders of Sociology who wrote positively about society and its functions.

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Moral Education (1925)

Durkheim's work discussing the role of education in transmitting societal norms and values.

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Method of Durkheim's Study

Utilized the work of other researchers.

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Perspective of Durkheim

Wrote from a functionalist perspective, believing society functions as it does because it works best.

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Main Function of Education According to Durkheim

To transmit society's norms and values, helping children bond with society.

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Schools as 'Societies in Miniature'

Durkheim's description of schools preparing children for wider society by teaching discipline.

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Criticism of Durkheim's View

His positive view ignores the problems within society and the education system.

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Talcott Parsons

Functionalist sociologist who viewed education as a social system.

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Meritocracy

Belief that success is based on ability and effort.

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Value Consensus

Shared norms and values among members of society.

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Particularistic Standards

Judgments based on individual circumstances in family.

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Universalistic Standards

Judgments based on common criteria in school.

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Bowles and Gintis

Marxist sociologists who critiqued capitalism's education system.

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Correspondence Principle

Similarity between school experiences and future workplace roles.

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Hidden Curriculum

Unwritten social norms taught in educational settings.

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Anti-School Subculture

Group behavior opposing school authority and norms.

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Paul Willis

Marxist sociologist who studied working-class boys' attitudes.

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Learning to Labour

Willis's study on working-class boys and education.

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Case Study

In-depth analysis of a small group or individual.

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Halsey, Heath, and Ridge

Researchers who conducted a longitudinal study on education.

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Service Class

Professionals and managers in occupational hierarchy.

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Intermediate Class

Self-employed and technical workers in occupational hierarchy.

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Working Class

Manual laborers in occupational hierarchy.

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Educational Success

Achievement influenced by class and parental attitudes.

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Material Deprivation

Lack of economic resources affecting educational outcomes.

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Longitudinal Study

Research tracking subjects over an extended period.

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Factory Jobs

Employment in manufacturing, often low-skilled positions.

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Ruling Class Norms

Values and beliefs of the dominant social group.

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Gender and Ethnicity

Social categories often overlooked in educational studies.

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Sample Size

Number of subjects in a study affecting representativeness.

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Educational Changes

Shifts in educational policies and structures over time.