Studied by 0 peoplewhat is pariarchy
men are valued more than men but men arnt valued euqally
what does intersectionality mean?
The complex relationship of gender class race, sexual orientation, and age work together – put some privileged and some as disadvantaged
What is gender?
A social construction of masculinity and femininity in society
What is sex?
The determination of male or female based off of biology
What does sex and gender have in common
Both rely on binary opposition
What are masculinity and femininity
Ideal culturally, dominant forms
What is hegemonic masculinity represent?
Strength, aggression requires everyone to sustain the idea and tied to heterosexuality
What is emphasized femininity represented by?
Based on a woman's compliance with men, requires them to be supportive, enthusiastic and sexually attractive
What do families represent in terms of reproducing gender
Operant conditioning, gender expectations, start at birth and gendered parenting, and how is our raised to gendered, primary agent of socialization
What does gender socialization focus on?
How all social institutions indoctrinate children on how gender expectations based on their gender
What is female socialization?
Sociability, attractiveness, becoming a wife or mother
What is male socialization?
Self motivated, independent, emotional control, aggression, congest, breadwinner
What are gendered bodies?
Socially constructed expectations for how we present our bodies to fit in norms of men and women
What forms of culture demonstrate gendered bodies?
Media, TV, plastic surgery, NFL draft
What is hidden curriculum?
In school girls learn they are not as important as boys which is reinforced through mass media
How is education part of reproducing gender?
Girls are praised for being neat and boys are praised for being smart, university, enrolment differs between genders, as well as what they are enrolled in
What are the three principles from work role model for men?
Continuous work from graduation until death
Jobs are central focus of life
Fulfilment comes from work rules
What is the gender wage gap?
A few changes in employment, stratification overtime, major increase of women and workforce recently woman however, are undervalued in their house, job and overrepresented, and non-standard works and part-time jobs
What is the feminization of poverty?
The result of woman, overrepresented, and non-standard work, more women, live poverty than men, as also result of the wage gap
What kind of issue was the feminization of poverty?
Gender issue
what is the ration of female wage to male wage?
0.89 cents per dollar
what theory does Judith Butler build on
symbolic interactionalism
what is the key idea of Judith butler?
gender is a performance - no authentic faminity and masculinity rooted in make and female biases
what are the key ideas of post-structuralist theory
Foucault - masculinity and felicity are made though discourse and domination
what are the key ideas of feminist theory?
women are disadvantaged due to the gender,
institutionalized norms limit woman’s behaviours and opportunities
what are the key ideas of symbolic interactionalism
meanings of male and female, masculinity and feminity
operant conditioning
gender comes from social interaction
“doing / preforming gender”
what are the key ideas of conflict theory?
engals - inequality from lack of access to scarce resources causes conflict
conflict also arise without nuclear family, monogamist marriage cause men need to ensure their paternity
what are the key ideas of functionalist theory?
men and women each have separate, specialized, complementary roles - keep equilibrium in society
without roles - confusion and conflict of gender expectations
what are the 2 important factors of gender and earnings?
occupation determines wage rate
women mostly in lower paying jobs
what is the earnings ratio?
women’s average earnings divided bu mens earningsw
what is the wage gap
difference between what man earns and what women earn
what are some causes of the reduction of wage gap?
chasing distribution of men and women across occupations
more equated women
less unionized men
what are the 2 facts explaining the remaining wage gap?
distribution of women
women’s overrepresentation in part-time jobs
what are some variables affecting women’s wage gap?
Human capital, attributes, occupational segregation, demographics.
why do women earn less?
occupational gender segregation
devaluation of the work of women
what are the key idea of Arlie Hochschild’s “the second Shift”
the 3rd shift - women struggle to cope with unhappy marriage as a result of unequal labour division in household
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