Midterm Study Guide

Islam’s Founder

(the prophet) Muhamad

5 Pillars of Islam

1. Declaration of Faith

2. Obligatory Prayer

3. Compulsory Giving

4. Fasting in the Month of Ramadan

5. Pilgrimage to Mecca

Two Branches of Islam

Sunni

Shia

Feudalism

Nobles offered protection and land in return for service

What was the main goal of the crusades?

To REGAIN the holy land (from the Muslims)

Machiavelli’s *The Prince*

Told leaders to do good when possible but to also be “evil” when necessary

How to get and keep power

Castiglione’s *The Courtier*

Tells nobles/people of higher power how to be a proper renaissance man/woman.

Humanism

The study of

\-Grammar

\-Poetry

\-Rhetoric (persuasive speech/writing)

\-Moral Philosophy

\-History

Vernacular

The particular language spoken in a region (dialect)

Johannes Gutenburg

\-Inventor of the printing press

\-Lived in Germany

Printing Press

\-Helped to spread information faster

\-Created better education systems

Medieval Art

Most, if not all, were religious

No perspective/depth

Perspective (in art)

What artists use to give a three dimensional effect to a 2d surface.

Renaissance Art

Did not have to be religious, more range of topic

Much better depth perception

Leonardo Da Vinci

Model renaissance man - good at art, math, science and was an engineer/visionary

\-Mona Lisa

Raphael (Sanzio)

School of Athens

Michelangelo

\-The Last Supper

\-Sistine chapel Ceiling

Christian Humanism

The combination of classic humanism with the reformation of the catholic church.

Erasmus *The Praise of Folly*

\-Criticizes the hypocrisy of the catholic church

\-Also, new catholicism

\-Calls satire, so doesn’t get in trouble

3 Reasons People Thought the Catholic Church Needed to Reform

1. The priests did not want to help people gain salvation

2. Popes were more concerned with italian politics than the wellbeing of the church/the people.

3. The sales of indulgences

Salvation

The state of being saved through faith alone or faith and good deeds

Indulgences

\-The Church stated indulgences would grant people immediate access to heaven when they died, no purgatory

\-Any family dead or alive would also move straight to heaven.

Martin Luther

\-He was a monk that realized that the catholic religion could fix many things about them. He write the 95 theses which accused the entirety of the catholic religion of their wrongdoings and hypocrisy  

\-He stated that humans were powerless and could do nothing to be saved

\-Only valid source of religious truth - The Bible

Johann Tetzel

Someone who sold indulgences to gain money for the church

95 Theses

\-They criticize the teachings of the catholic church, the priests behavior and their education. They also criticize the hypocrisy of the church.  

\-He wrote them in latin (so the more powerful people could read them) and posted them on the church’s doors. 

Sacraments Luther Keeps

1. Baptism

2. The Eucharist/communion

Luther believed clergy should be allowed to

get married

What does the pope do to Luther in 1521?

He removes his ability to be able to participate in the catholic church.

Peace of Augsburg

Allows German states to choose their religion.

Predestination

The belief that where you will go after life is decided before you are born

Henry VIII

The king of England in 1491 who converted them to be protestant

Catherine of Aragon

 Henry's first wife who gave birth to a daughter (Mary) and was in turn divorced.  

Anne Boleyn

She was the second wife of Henry who also gave birth to a daughter (Elizabeth I) and was then beheaded for “Committing treason”

Annul

Declare invalid

Church of England (Anglican)

The religion of england/ big church/church of the “state”

Anabaptists

1. Separation from church and state

2. Not to bear arms

3. Predestination

4. No public office

Ignatius Loyola

He Founded society of Jesus/of Jesuits 

Teresa of Avila

Spanish nun who founded the carmelites (religious order of roman catholic priests)

Council of Trent

Beginning in March 1545, a group of cardinals, archbishops, bishops, abbots, and theologians met off and on for 18 years in the city of Trent near the border with modern-day Italy.

Achievements of Ming dynasty

1. Extended their area of land

2. Made peace with nomadic tribes

Zheng He

 Court official who led several successful voyages all over the eastern half of the globe

“3 Gs” of European Exploration 

1. Gold

2. Glory

3. God

Bartholomew Dias

He reached the cape of Africa, now called the cape of good hope

Vasco da Gama

\- He went around africa and cut across the indian ocean.

Christopher Columbus

- he reached all the major Caribbean islands and Honduras in Central America which he called the indies.

\-in 1492, columbus sailed the ocean blue!

Ferdinand Magellan

-he set sail from Spain in search of a sea passage through the Americas. In October 1520, Magellan passed through a waterway along the tip of South America, later called the Strait of Magellan, into the Pacific Ocean. The fleet reached the Philippines, but indigenous people there killed Magellan. 

Conquistadors

\- The Spanish conquerors of the Americas (had a lot of firepower, organizational skills and determination.) 

Hernan Cortes

- He landed on the Gulf of Mexico, Conquered the Aztecs 

Tenochtitlan

\- Capital of the aztec area

Montezuma II

- King of Tenochtitlan. 

Francisco Pizzaro

- Gained control of the inca capital, therefore all of the inca area. 

Atahualpa

- The new emperor of the incas. 

Cuzco

- Inca capital 

Mercantilism

\- The success of a nation depending on silver and gold 

Columbian Exchange

\- The exchange of plants and animals between the americas and europe

Atlantic Slave Trade

- The trading of people from Africa to the Americas and Europe. 

Middle Passage

- The forced voyage of African Americans across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas 

Effects of the Slave Trade

1. Devastating effect on African areas.

2. Loss of culture

Encomienda System

\- A spanish labor system that rewarded the spanish conquistadors when then made natives work for them

Missionaries

- People who spread their religious faith onto others (mostly the christian faith) when they were exploring

Philip II

\- Leader of the Spanish, very religious, believed in catholicism. 

Elizabeth I

\- Protestant queen of england, during time of philip II, today, one of englans’s best queens

Spanish Armada 1588

\- Sent to invade england bc of protestant faith, bad weather, fire ships. 

Huguenots

\- French protestants influenced by John Calvin 

Henry IV

\- Was originally a Huguenot, changed to catholicism to be able to be a king. 

Edict of Nantes

- Recognized catholicism as the official religion of france. 

Divine Right of Kings

- The belief that the king gets his power from god and not his subjects. 

Puritans

\- English Protestants who believed that the Church of England needed further reform and sought to simplify and regulate forms of worship

Charles I

\- Wanted more power, son of James I, Didn’t give parliament any power. 

Roundheads

\- Supporters of parliament  

Cavaliers

Supporters of the king

Oliver Cromwell

\- Military leader of parliamentary forces, became “leader” of england, strict quaker, did not want to be called king 

Restoration

\-  The period of time when Charles II was king, after Oliver, allowed England to go back to normal. 

Glorious Revolution

\- William of orange and his wife Mary “invade” england, become leaders

English Bill of Rights

\-Constitutional Monarchy

\-Gives more power to parliament

\-King is not able to work by himself