Chapter 18-19 Review

Key Terms:

• English Bill of Rights: passed in 1689; protected people from random seizure of property and person; required annual meetings of parliament; established freedom of speech in parliament; right to trial by jury
• Potosi: discovered in 1545 by the Spanish; a mountain in the Andes full of silver; enabled European trade with Asia and developed a more integrated early modern world economy; major market with a population of over 100K in 1600s
• Louis XIV: Absolute Monarch of France; Louis the Great; the Sun King; legitimize rule with the palace of Versailles
• Mestizo: racial classification referring to a person of mixed European and Indigenous American ancestry
• Columbian Exchange: the process in which food, animals, and diseases were spread/transferred between the Old & New World
• Bartolome de las Casas: Catholic priest who criticized the inhumane treatment and violence against the Amerindians
• Protestant Reformation: religious reform in the 16th century Europe; creation of Prostatinsm; groups separated from the Roman Catholic Church
• Viceroyalty: local, political, social, and administrative institution, created by the Spanish monarchy in the sixteenth century, for ruling its overseas territories; royal officials sent to America as representatives of royal power
• Syncretism: combinations/blend of beliefs and ideas
• Silver Trade: silver from the Americas led to the beginning of a global economy, with most of the silver ending up in China
• Peter the Great: Tsar of Russia; visited Europe; modernized & westernized Russia, banned beards; required Western clothing; built St. Petersburg
• Mercury Amalgamation Process: increased efficiency of silver extra from ore but led to illness and death for many miners
• Haciendas: large estates where owners focused on meeting the rising demand for agriculture produce; exploitation of Amerindians and African slaves
• Virgin of Guadalupe: blending of Aztec and Incan traditions with Catholicism; Virgin Mary and a Saint appeared before a man named Juan Diego; conversion of Aztecs
• Huguenots: French protestants and Calvinists

SAQ 1

• coercive (forced) labor in Russia and Latin America
  • Explain what accounts for these similarities and/or differences that you describe.

Russia:

• serfdom (think feudalism)
• type of people: same as their owners
• farmed on a plot of land they are attached to; landlords owned the plot of land
• they were not imported, they are attached to that one plot of land
  • they only had access to their own people

Latin America:

• slavery
• type of people: enslaved Africans and/or Native Americans
  • different race, nationality, religion as their masters
• owned as property, worked on plantations and mines
• Native Americans were unreliable laborers, Africans had been exposed to diseases and could survive the hard conditions on plantations and mines
• The Mita System allowed Spaniards to “recruit” people to do certain tasks, such as working on sugar plantations and silver mines.

Similarities

• both treated as badly
• lacked rights
• nobles in Russia, Europeans in Latin America
• bounded to their masters/land

SAQ 2

• economics & politics in Western Europe, Latin America, and/or Russia

Western Europe:

• more globalized
  • Spanish & Portuguese got silver from the Americas and sold it to China

Russia:

• more localized
  • Mongol rule led to isolation from Western Europe
  • the Mongols fought Western Europe
  • traded only with themselves, until Peter the Great conquered seaports on the Baltic Sea

Similarities

• both had monarchies
  • Europe had kings
  • Europeans wanted a strong central government and ruler, instead of different regional kings.
  • Russia had Tsars
  • Russians wanted separation from Mongol rule