More APUSH Unit 1: Period 1 (1491-1607) and 2 (1607-1754)

What characterized Native American societies prior to European contact?

Diverse and complex societies adapted to their specific environments.

What crop significantly influenced social and economic development in pre-contact North America?

Maize (corn), which spread from present-day Mexico northward.

How did the Pueblo societies adapt to their environment?

They developed intricate irrigation systems to farm in arid climates.

What was the lifestyle of the Sioux and Apache tribes in the Great Plains?

They lived a nomadic lifestyle, primarily hunting buffalo.

What was the primary political alliance among Northeast Native Americans?

The Iroquois Confederacy.

What were the three motivations for European exploration known as the '3 G's'?

God, Gold, and Glory.

What did the term 'mercantilism' refer to during the era of European exploration?

An economic theory where wealth (measured in gold) equals power, leading nations to seek colonies.

What technological advancements aided maritime exploration in this era?

The caravel, astrolabe, and magnetic compass.

What was the Columbian Exchange?

The transfer of plants, animals, diseases, people, technology, and ideas between the Americas and the Old World.

Which new crops from the Americas contributed to a population boom in Europe?

Potatoes, maize (corn), and tomatoes.

How did European diseases impact Native American populations?

They devastated populations, with some areas losing up to 90% of their inhabitants.

What was the encomienda system?

A labor system that allowed Spanish colonists to demand tribute and forced labor from Native Americans.

What was the casta system in Spanish colonial society?

A rigid racial hierarchy to control the diverse populations of Europeans, Africans, and Native Americans.

What characterized the labor systems in the Spanish Empire?

The encomienda and repartimiento systems.

What did French colonization in North America primarily focus on?

The fur trade.

What was the main goal of the English colonies in North America?

Agriculture and establishing large numbers of settlers.

What was the House of Burgesses?

The first representative assembly in British America, established in Virginia.

What did the term 'breadbasket colonies' refer to?

The Middle Colonies' export economy focused on cereal crops.

What was the significance of the Mayflower Compact?

An early form of written constitution emphasizing self-governance.

How did Native Americans resist European encroachment?

Through uprisings such as the Pueblo Revolt and other forms of resistance.

What was the Triangular Trade?

A network of trade routes connecting Europe, Africa, and the Americas.

What was Bacon's Rebellion?

A 1676 uprising of poor farmers and former indentured servants that accelerated the shift from indentured servitude to slavery.

What was a key factor that led to the shift from indentured servants to enslaved Africans in the colonies?

Fear among landowners after Bacon's Rebellion.

What impact did the Enlightenment have on American identity?

It emphasized reason, logic, and individualism, influencing political thought.

What ideas did John Locke contribute to American thought?

Natural rights (life, liberty, property) and social contract theory.

What was the Great Awakening?

A religious revival that challenged traditional church authority and promoted individualistic beliefs.

Who were key figures in the Great Awakening?

George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards.

What was Anglicization in the context of colonial America?

The process of colonists adopting English culture, political institutions, and consumer goods.

What did 'salutary neglect' refer to in British colonial policy?

Loosely enforcing trade laws, allowing colonies to govern themselves.

Which European nation primarily focused on the fur trade and alliances with Native Americans?

France.

What was a significant characteristic of the Southern Colonies' economy?

Heavy reliance on cash crops like rice, indigo, and sugar cultivated by enslaved labor.

How did social structures differ in the Southern Colonies compared to New England?

The South had rigid, race-based hierarchies; New England had more egalitarian social structures.

What was a major consequence of European colonization on Native American populations?

Devastation due to disease and conflicts over land.

What kind of agricultural focus characterized the Chesapeake colonies?

Cash crop agriculture, primarily tobacco.

What was the primary reason for the establishment of the Virginia Company?

To create profit through wealth extraction.

What lasting effects did the Atlantic Slave Trade have on American society?

Deeply embedded slavery and social stratification based on race.

What did the 'City upon a Hill' metaphor represent?

John Winthrop's vision of a model society in New England.

Which colonies were known as 'the breadbasket colonies'?

The Middle Colonies, particularly Pennsylvania.

What was the impact of the Pequot War in 1637?

It exemplified conflict over land and resources between Native Americans and colonists.