Studied by 7 peopleSpeciality crops
________ form Florida, South Texas, and Southern California and imports from Newland, Mexico and Austrilia keep Candian and American stores stocked.
Aquaculture
________ in bays and estuaries has resulted in very profitable small- scale oyster and salmon farms.
amount of mineral salt
As evaporation continues over several growing seasons, the ________ can build to toxic levels and poison crops.
Canada
Farmers can certify their products as non- GMO and bring a premium price from natural foods processors and consumers looking for the non- GMO label in the U.S. and ________.
High daytime temperatures
________ cause water vapor to be drawn out of irrigated farmland.
Medicinal crops
________, such as herbs, were grown along with vegetables in town market gardens for local sale.
Modern science
________ has had a critical role to play in horticulture and chemistry by using laboratory techniques to develop plant and animal hybrids that grow larger or under certain climatic conditions to meet the needs of farmers in different regions.
Dwarf varieties
________ were an important plant hybrid innovation.
sound methods
By reducing inputs and using ecologically ________, farmers can reduce the risk that their farming practices may lead to long- term environmental or economic problems.
primary economy
timber, fisheries, and mineral and energy resources
intensive agriculture
requires lots of labor input, or is focused on a small plot of land, or both
plantations
extensive agriculture
requires limited labor input, or is spread across large areas of land, or both
crops have lower yield
grown farther away from each other
transhumance
where groups move seasonally not only to avoid harsh climates, climates, but also to follow animal herds and walk to areas where native plants were in fruit
pastoralism
agriculture based on the seasonal movement of animals from winter to summer pastures and back again
nomadic herding
a practice where whole communities would drive their herds from one seasonal grazing area to another following an annual cycle that was repeated over centuries
ranching
grazing livestock in a single large area,
mixed farming, or general farming
where multiple crops and animals exist on a single farm to provide diverse nutritional intake and non-food items, such as bone for tools and leather for different materials such as saddles, rope, and coats
subsistence agriculture
intensive mixed farming that provides for all of the food and material needs of a household
extensive subsistence agriculture
occurs when there are low amounts of labor inputs per unit of land
physiologic density
the number of people per unit of arable land
food preservation
a necessity for survival for thousands of years via drying, pickling, cooking, and storage jars that has led to many cultural variations in food consumption
Example of Food Preservation
cabbages spiced with red pepper and soaked in vinegar were buried in clay storage jars to make kimchi in Korea eight thousand years ago)
cash-cropping
a form of extensive agriculture in which harvested crops are exchanged for currency, goods, or credit
used by plantations
result
a system that had no surplus food and not much variety available to consumers
human ecology
human interactions with nature
food chain
the order of predators in the animal world that is used to describe several integrated human and mechanical inputs, from developing seeds to planting, fertilizing, harvesting, processing, packaging, and transporting food to market and finally to your dinner plate
crop rotation
occurs when one crop is planted on a plot of land and then switched to another plot in subsequent years
multi-cropping
the planting of more than one crop on the same plot of land
Example of Multi-cropping
after summer vegetables are harvested, winter vegetables like kale and spinach can be planted and harvested before the cold)
double cropping
planting two crops one after another on a single plot in a year
triple cropping
planting three crops in the same year
General Rule of Growing Season (Wheat)
Spring wheat is planted in the spring and harvested in late summer
irrigation
opens up more land to cultivation than would normally be possible in arid climates and is responsible for close to three-quarters of world freshwater use and up to 90 percent of freshwater use in the most poverty-stricken countries of the world
aquifers
underground water tables that gives water to irrigation farms
conservation
the practice of preserving and carefully managing the environment and its natural resources
conservation agriculture
an increasingly important way of providing a sustainable farming system without sacrificing crop production
no-tillage
involves not plowing the soil so that soil erosion is greatly reduced and soil fertility is increased by retaining natural vegetation
inter-planting
planting fast-growing crops alongside slow-growing crops, allowing a farmer to harvest the fast-growing crop before the slow-growing crop shades it out
sustainable yield
the amount of crops or animals that can be raised without endangering local resources such as soil, irrigation, or groundwater, or what can be raised without too many expensive inputs that would make farming unprofitable
Example of Non-Food Crops
corn has been used to make ethanol, an alcohol that can supplement gasoline and make it burn cleaner)
used for Alternative energy crop
slash and burn agriculture
occurred in tropical rainforest regions with farmers shifting from one plot of land to another every few years as soil nutrients become depleted (leaving land to fallow)
extensive pastoralism
the shifting of animal herds between grazing pastures, has remained popular in several arid parts of the world, especially Africa, the Middle East, and Central Asia, where dry grassland is the common landcover
desertification
any human process that turns a vegetated environment into a desert-like landscape
soil salination
the evaporation of water that can trap mineral salts on the surface soil layer
Cultural practices affect how food is grown:
Religion plays a role in determining agricultural trade and practices
dietary restrictions can limit the trade of beef (to India) or pork (to Islamic societies)
Culture determines different levels of societal support for farmers, many of whose fortunes often rise and fall based on the weather
countries with larger governmental safety nets tend to support farmers in a more socialistic manner
Available resources also affect agricultural practice
irrigation becomes necessary in water-scarce regions
vegetative planting
where the shoots, stems, and roots of existing wild plants were collected and grown together
seed agriculture
where the fertilized seed grains and fruits of plants were collected and replanted together
horticulture
where plant varieties that thrived in different soil or climate conditions were cultivated
hearths of domestication
the areas where most of this early agricultural activity originated
the Columbian exchange
diffusion/transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the Old World and New World
exp. potato, help Europe w pop boom
Example of The Columbian exchange
maize, from the new world, and wheat, from the old world, were exchanged)
Technological changes in agriculture = enabled by parallel innovations in manufacturing from the Industrial Revolution
Whitneys cotton gin in 1793)
Green Revolution
occurred in the 1950s and 1960s when tropical plant and animal hybrids and chemical fertilizers and pesticides began to be used in Third-World agriculture
primary economic activity
farmers now produce one or more crops
secondary economic activity
process the crop
tertiary economic activity
advertise and market it through afarmers co-op or other market
Genetic engineering has further increased the possibilities and productivity of global agriculture
BT corn has spliced genes from a bacterium called Bacillus thuringiensis to make them pest-resistant)
Recombinant Bovine Growth Hormone, or rBGH
a synthetic hormone widely used in both the production of beef and milk in the United States and some other countries
downer cattle
beef cows that appear ill or are lame and cannot be used for human consumption, but can wind up in pet food or animal feed instead
organic
crops and animals must not be grown using genetic engineering, must be free of pesticides, antibiotics, and synthetic hormones, must not use artificial fertilizers, and must feed on completely organic crops
grass-fed cattle have also brought significantly higher prices to gourmet consumers who seek the more natural-tasting beef, as corn
and soy-based cattle feed has been blamed for less flavorful beef
fair trade movement
focuses on ensuring that small farmers and artisans are paid a fair price for their products
suitcase farmers
farm owners who have city jobs but still own land in rural areas
community-supported agriculture (CSA)
programs in which produce and other farm products are delivered directly to individual consumers
milkshed
the region around a city to which fresh milk is delivered without spoiling In terms of travel time and distance
ultra-high temperature (UHT) pasteurization
a new milk preservation method where milk is flash-pasteurized at very high temperatures and under pressure to keep the water in it from turning to steam and then stored in a sterile box container that is sealed in plastic to prevent contamination
commodity chains
links between producers and consumers in the journey from raw material to delivery of a finished product
Inputs
Farming requires a number of elements to maximize both the size and quality of crop yield, such as fertilizers, pesticides and insecticides, water, tools, mechanical equipment, training, certifications, and research & development
Production
Growing and harvesting crops takes place
Processing
Raw agricultural goods are turned into consumer products
Distribution
Agricultural products are sent to market by contracting with outside transport providers
Consumption
retailers and restaurants sell the final product to consumers
commodity-dependent
when a single product or type of good accounts for more than 60% of its exports
Von Thünens Model
land use (the type of farming) is determined by how labor intensive the type of farming is
Village
the organization of a central marketplace and place of consumption for the agricultural goods produced in the surrounding area
Intensive Farming
Labor-intensive crops include fruits, garden vegetables, herbs, and anything that required constant tending or weeding or that needed to be picked for market at a particular time
Village Forest
A managed forest was needed to meet the energy and lumber needs of the community
Extensive Farming
Labor-extensive crops require large plots of land and far less tending because they dominated potential weed invaders
Grazing Lands
Highlands in peripheral areas were often not suitable for crop farming but perfect for grazing
cost-to-distance relationship
an inverse relationship between the value of labor and the distance from the center of the model; the higher the total labor costs, the closer it is to the center, and the lower the labor costs, the farther it is from the center
land-rent curve
a mathematical function that shows the changes in rent prices across the model
primary economy
timber, fisheries, and mineral and energy resources
intensive agriculture
requires lots of labor input, or is focused on a small plot of land, or both
extensive agriculture
requires limited labor input, or is spread across large areas of land, or both
transhumance
where groups move seasonally not only to avoid harsh climates, climates, but also to follow animal herds and walk to areas where native plants were in fruit
pastoralism
agriculture based on the seasonal movement of animals from winter to summer pastures and back again
nomadic herding
practice where whole communities would drive their herds from one seasonal grazing area to another following an annual cycle that was repeated over centuries
ranching
farming for the raising of livestock
multi-cropping
the planting of more than one crop on the same plot of land
mixed/general farming
where multiple crops and animals exist on a single farm to provide diverse nutritional intake and non-food items, such as bone for tools and leather for different materials such as saddles, rope, and coats
subsistence agriculture
intensive mixed farming that provides for all of the food and material needs of a household
extensive subsistence agriculture
occurs when there are low amounts of labor inputs per unit of land
physiologic density
the number of people per unit of arable land
food preservation
a necessity for survival for thousands of years via drying, pickling, cooking, and storage jars that has led to many cultural variations in food consumption
cash-cropping
a form of extensive agriculture in which harvested crops are exchanged for currency, goods, or credit
human ecology
human interactions with nature
food chain
the order of predators in the animal world that is used to describe several integrated human and mechanical inputs, from developing seeds to planting, fertilizing, harvesting, processing, packaging, and transporting food to market and finally to your dinner plate
crop-rotation
occurs when one crop is planted on a plot of land and then switched to another plot in subsequent years
Note 
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