Reformation and Western Europe ID Terms (Part 1)

Gutenberg Printing Press

used movable type to print, increased literacy, made books cheaper and more accessible, helped spread ideas of the Reformation and the Renaissance (ability to mass produce books instead of hand writing allowed Martin Luther's 95 Theses to spread rapidly and effectively)

Leonardo da Vinci

(1452-1519) Italian Renaissance artist, architect, inventor, musician, mathemetician, engineer, and scientist. Known for creating the Mona Lisa.

Michelangelo

(1475-1564) An Italian Renaissance sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect. Famous works include the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and the sculpture of the biblical character David.

Henry IV/Henry of Navarre

(1589-1610) French Bourbon king, ascended the French throne as a convert from Calvinism to Catholicism, famously said "Paris is well worth a Mass!". Stabilized economy, united country, and established peace. Ended the French War of Religions by proclaiming Edict of Nantes (gave Huguenots religious freedom). Laid the foundation for France to become the strongest European power in the 17th century.

Politiques

(of rulers) Catholic and Protestant moderates who put political necessities above personal beliefs to keep stability. Did not side with only one religion, stayed in the middle (Examples: Elizabeth I of England, Henry IV of France)

Huguenots

French Protestants influenced by John Calvin (French Calvinists)

Cluniac Reforms

Reforms aiming to end the abuses of the clergy, focused on restoring traditional Western Church monastic life and decreasing corruption BUT FAILED (decreased reputation of Catholic Church)

Lollards

Followers of John Wycliffe (not excommunicated because he was in England) who stated the Bible was the sole authority, stressed personal communion with God, and diminished importance of sacraments

Hussites

Followers of Jan Hus/John Huss who was a Czech pre-reformer with ideas similar to Wycliffe's (but executed and burned at the stake)

Erasmus

Dutch pre-reformer who wrote satirical work "In Praise of Folly" to point out corruption and hypocrisy of the Catholic Church, "Laid the egg that Luther hatched"

In Praise of Folly

an essay written by Erasmus that used satire to point out corrupt practices of the Catholic Church

Babylonian Captivity

The period from 1309 to 1376 when the popes resided in Avignon (France) rather than in Rome. Led to there being three popes who all excommunicated each other. DECREASED reputation of pope and Catholic Church

Martin Luther

a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Church. In 1517, he wrote 95 Theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices (biggest issue was indulgences). Did NOT want to leave the Catholic Church, only wanted to reform it. Excommunicated and left Catholic Church to form his own Protestant branch called Lutheranism (believed in Sola Gratis, Sola Fide, Sola Scriptura, Baptism, and Eucharist/consubstantiation)

Indulgences

People paying money to the church to absolve their sin or sins of their loved ones ($ for forgiveness to get out of Purgatory) It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. Not in the Bible (major problem to Martin Luther)

Simony

sale of church offices (sought after because high position in the church means religious and political power)

Nepotism

Favoring family members in the appointment of Church offices

Transubstantiation

Catholic belief that the bread and wine actually become the body and blood of Christ (chemical miracle)

Consubstantiation

the Protestant doctrine, especially in Lutheran belief, that the substance of the bread and wine coexists with the body and blood of Christ in the Eucharist (not literally the body and blood of Christ)

95 Theses

Martin Luther's ideas that he (allegedly) posted on the Church door at Wittenburg which questioned the Roman Catholic Church. Listed out flaws in the Catholic Church, mainly indulgences, but also included simony and nepotism. This act began the Reformation.

John Calvin

(1509-1564) French theologian who developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism. Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings. Believed in predestination and a strict sense of morality for society, NO FREE WILL

Elect

In Calvinist doctrine, those who have been chosen by God for salvation, voting church members (signs you were one of these people: you did good deeds, were wealthy, had conversion experience/visions)

Reprobate

Certain individuals that God eternally decrees to pass over, withholding saving grace and predestining them to eternal punishment, serving as the necessary counterpart to the elect, went to Hell

Puritans

(English Calvinists) A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They believed in Calvinist theology, predestination, and a strict, pious lifestyle. Driven by persecution, they came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

Henry VIII (Tudor)

an English king responsible for the split of the English Church from Catholicism because of his goal to produce a male heir to the throne; famous for having 6 wives (Divorced, beheaded, died, divorced, beheaded, survived)

Mary I (Tudor)

First daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon (Spanish), VIOLENTLY CATHOLIC, she followed her younger step brother Edward by undoing all of the Protestant reformed religious change to England, executing several hundred Protestants along the way (nicknamed Bloody Mary)

Elizabeth I (Tudor)

nicknamed the Virgin Queen; The daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, Queen of England following death of Mary I, politique; Her Elizabethan Settlement required conformity to Church of England but people were allowed to practice Protestantism and Catholicism in private

Mary Queen of Scots

Catholic relative to Protestant Queen Elizabeth I of England. She allegedly plotted with Spain's Philip II to overthrow Elizabeth and reassert Catholicism in England. Elizabeth had her beheaded (unprecedented that a ruler put another ruler to death, undermined Divine Right of Kings) which led to Spanish invasion of England by Philip II

Anglican Church

Church that King Henry VIII of England created so that he can marry Anne Boleyn and divorce Catherine of Aragon, created for political reasons to avoid having his potential heir being a "bastard", kept most Catholic ideals EXCEPT king was the head of Church instead of the Pope

Counter-Reformation

AKA the Catholic Reformation; the reaction of the Roman Catholic Church both to the gains of Protestantism and the response to critics within the church that abuses needed to be reformed; formed Council of Trent; abuses in the sale of indulgences and simony reduced; key reformer was Pope Paul III, sought to improve church discipline through existing doctrine

Inquisitions

tribunals for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy

Jesuits

Followers of the Society of Jesus; EXTREMELY CATHOLIC!!! Founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism. Renowned for education, spread Gospel to New World/pagan people, organized in military fashion, VERY VIOLENT

Council of Trent

Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and rule on doctrines criticized by the Protestant reformers. Established Catholic dogma for the next four centuries (salvation through good works/grace, seven sacraments, attempted to address abuses and reform, approved Index of Prohibited Books)

Index of Prohibited Books

Books that supported Protestantism or that were overly critical of the Church were banned from Catholic countries (ex: Spain, France, Italy). Possession was severely punished.

Philip II

(1527-1598) King of Spain from 1556 to 1598. Absolute monarch who helped lead the Counter Reformation by persecuting Protestants in his holdings. Also sent the Spanish Armada against England (lost)

Spanish Armada

Once "invincible" group of ships sent by King Philip II of Spain to invade England in 1588; Armada was defeated by smaller, more maneuverable English "sea dogs" in the Channel; marked the beginning of English naval dominance and fall of Spanish dominance.

New monarchies

Monarchies that emerged that differed from their medieval predecessors in having greater centralization of power, more regional boundaries, and stronger representative institutions

Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand

Completed the Reconquista in 1492 to make Spain 100% Catholic by conquering Granada, the last Muslim stronghold in Spain (formerly Al-Andalus by the Umayyad); established Spanish Inquisition in 1478 to put non-Catholics on brutal secret trials; Spanish monarchs who financed Columbus's voyage