Chapter 2: Life under the Normans

Feudalism

A social system in medieval Europe where land was held by nobles in exchange for military service and loyalty.

Patronage

The power of the king to grant land and office to loyal subjects, asserting control over them.

Thegns

Noblemen or warriors in Anglo-Saxon England whose land was forfeited under Norman rule.

Marcher Lords

Lords granted lands on the border between England and Wales to maintain control and prevent invasions.

Chancery

The office responsible for writing royal documents in the medieval English government.

Ecclesiastical

Relating to the Christian church or its clergy, particularly in matters of church courts.

Murdrum fine

A fine imposed on a community if a Norman was killed and the murderer was not found within five days.

Trial by Ordeal

A method of trial where the outcome is determined by a physical test believed to be influenced by divine judgment.

Tithing

A group of 10-12 freemen who pledged to prevent each other from committing crimes.

Domesday Survey

A comprehensive survey conducted in 1085 to assess land ownership and resources for taxation purposes.

Serf

A peasant bound to the land and under the authority of a lord.

Constables

Local officials responsible for maintaining law and order, arresting suspects, and preventing disturbances.

Watchmen

Individuals, either volunteers or appointed, responsible for overseeing safety and adherence to curfews in towns.

Hue and Cry

A collective responsibility where citizens raised alarm to catch criminals, with penalties for non-compliance.

Trial by Battle

A method of justice where the accused and accuser fight, or appoint champions, to determine guilt.

Guilds

Associations of tradesmen or craftsmen established to regulate their respective trades and protect their interests.

Charter

A formal grant by a lord or king allowing a town to govern itself, often including market rights.

Blacksmith

A tradesman who forges metal, creating tools, weapons, and other items; earned a good living.

Apothecary

A person who sold medical remedies made from herbs and plants during the medieval period.