Exam 2 SOCY

Crime

Behavior that violates criminal law and is punishable with fines, jail terms, and/or other negative sanctions

Deviance

Anytime you do something that goes against the social norm, the society or group in which it occurs.

White Collar Crime

The crime that's committed by those who have wealth and power, like corporate America

Corporate crime is a this type

Examples of White Collar Crime

Embezzlement: When you steal money from the company you work for

Insider trading: Where you have confidential information about a stock that you give advantage that the other shareholders don’t have

Stigma

A label that identifies the deviant as socially unacceptable. It is negative and, as such effects the person's construction of their social self

Example of Stigma

-Pedophile wife beater

-somebody engaged in criminal sexual conduct with a minor

Social Stratification

The hierarchical arrangement(arranged in order of rank) of large social groups based on their control of basic resources like wealth, income, race, education, and power

Putting people into different categories and different layers.

Slavery

• The most extreme form of legalized social
  inequality

• a stratification system where Individuals are owned as property, usually for Criminal sanction, Debt, or war

Caste

a stratification system where its Hereditary (inherited) ranking. Often based in religious dogma -core, authorized beliefs in a faith.

You were born into it. It had nothing to do with your efforts. That would literally affect the rest of your life. What kind of ..……

• occupation

• Marriage within caste

• Social life restricted to "own kind.”

False Consciousness

A Marxist sociological concept describing how subordinate classes (e.g., workers) unknowingly adopt the ideology of the dominant class (e.g., owners), preventing them from recognizing their own oppression

Is not understanding who the players are and what their actual concerns are and what their actual goals are.

False Consciousness examples

The CEO makes 100 times more than I do. OK, well, maybe he just works 100 times harder, or maybe what he does is 100 times more important, right? But in reality, it is the unequal structure or some other factor

Voting Against Interests: A low-income worker voting for policies that reduce taxes on corporations and cut social services, often believing in "trickle-down" economics or that they too will soon be wealthy.

Proletariat

The working class,

Capitalist

bourgeoisie, those who own and control the means of production

Social Class

A group of people who have a similar level of wealth and income

Status Group

People who share the same prestige or lifestyle, usually through membership in a desirable group, meaning that they do something similar.

They tend to socialize with one another, marry within their own group of social equals, spend, etc.

Example: A plumber and a college professor have the same social class in terms of money but not status group.

Power

Is the ability of people or groups to achieve their goals despite opposition from others. (Marx)

Influence

The process by which individuals or groups change their behaviors, opinions, or beliefs due to social interactions, norms, and pressures.

Prestige

The respect or regard that a person or a status position is given by others. It's how well you're respected in society.

usually a Positive position in society,

Esteem

A particular type of prestige, the reputation one earns within their field or occupation

Concerted cultivation

The way the middle class raises its kids

• Talk, talk, talk: they start talking to the kids like the kids are older than they are.

• Negotiation: example- extra x-box time if you clean your room

• Routine activities designed to develop skills

• Challenge Authority

Natural Growth

The way the lower class/poor raise their kids

• Unstructured

• Authoritarian- example: go clean your room!

• Long periods of free time with no scheduled activities: usaully they play outside until it gets dark

• Independent earlier

Status symbol

those things which have been given a social meaning that identifies a status in society.

Example: When someone wears firefighter suit or a Rolex (means they are wealthy)

Prejudice

• Rigid and unfair generalization about an entire category of people

• Often based on stereotypes: overgeneralizations about the appearance, behavior, or other characteristics of members of categories.

• Not always negative

• Example: All Irish people have red hair or Asians are good at math

• is an attitude

Discrimination

• Unequal treatment of various categories of people is usually based on prejudice

• Is an action

Race

• Socially constructed category

• often on the basis of physical characteristics such as skin color, hair texture, eye shape, or other selected attributes.

• Example: European descent, White, Black, Mixed

Ethnicity

•  is defined by cultural traits, such as ancestry, language, or religion.

• Shared cultural heritage

•  can be more complex than race

• Example: Irish, Argentinian, Hispanic/Latino, Arab, Chinese,

Genocide

systematic killing of one category of people by another

• Example: Holocoust , Armenian Genocide

Amalgamation

when members of one group marries those of other social or ethnic groups

Segregation

physical and social separation of people into categories on purpose.

Example:

Jim Crow laws (black and whites were separated into different public facilities like bathrooms and schools,

Internment camps (Japanese put into one neighborhood in the USA during World War II)

Assimilation

a social and cultural merging. In this form, the immigrating culture adopts cultural aspects of the dominant culture

For example, Salad and Soup are made from similar ingredients, but in soup, you can’t really distinguish the ingredients. Assimilation is like the soup

Sex

refers to the biological and anatomical differences between females and males.

Primary sex characteristics

Refer to the genitalia used in the reproductive process.

Secondary sex characteristics

Refer to the physical traits that identify an individual's sex.

Gender

Refers to the culturally and socially constructed differences between females and males

Functions of deviance

• can help to clarify and define social norms- like “you see what that guy's doing? Don't do that.”

• can increase group solidarity- especially in fear when 911 happened, or any other bad event against the norm

• can bring about needed change in the social system. Sometimes you can bring about a social change by what is technically engaging in deviance, such as a protest

• makes conformity(obedience to laws/rules, etc.) seem more desirable- when someone commits a deviance, they go to jail, prison, or pay fines, etc. When someone sees that happen, they say, I don't know. That doesn't look very desirable to me. I don't think I want any part of that,

Dysfunctions of deviance

• The presence of deviance can destroy other people’s motivation to conform.- When you see somebody engaging in deviant or criminal behavior, and they seem to be rewarded for it, that makes you not want to conform.

• Deviance can destroy the trust necessary to preserve organized social life. controversy, scandals, people, a lot of people enriching themselves in gov’t leading to mistrust.

Example: political corruption

The four types of  Goals-Means Dysfunctions,(sociological theories of crime (functionalism) )

Conformist

Innovator

Ritualist

Retreatist

Conformist

Wanting to go the traditional route of being successful and having stuff. Which is going to college to get a better job and make more money.

Innovator

Wanting to be successful and have stuff, but not in a traditional route (such as conformist). Instead, a different means, such as gambling, swinging dope, robbing banks, or creating a business without a degree.

Ritualist

Opposite of an innovator. They are going the traditional route of college and working to get more money, but their goal is not necessarily to be that successful

Retreatist

They're not interested in either being successful or the traditional route.

Examples: Drug addicts, homeless person

The four types of  Goals-Means Dysfunctions digram

What is strain theory?

• Crime is a “coping mechanism”. Crime is the result of excessive stress and strain placed on individuals by societal structure. They are unable to obtain goals because they do not have access to culturally approved means of achieving those goals.

• Part of the strain theory is goals means dysfunction.

• Comes from financial strain, it's achievement strain, etc.

What is Social Bond Theory

• Most people don't commit crimes because they form a healthy and functional bond with their society.

• A type of social control theory (The ability to control the behavior of institutions, groups, or individuals)

• Has four components of why people don’t commit crimes because they form a healthy and functional bond with their society.

What are the four components of Social Bond Theory

Attachment

Involvement

Commitment

Belief

Attachment of Social Bond Theory

Your ability to relate to others through interest. The number of people you have in your life that are important to you, that you would not want to lose so you don’t commit a crime

Involvement of Social Bond Theory

Conventional activities that you have that are healthy and functional, but also limit your time to engage in criminal activity.

 Commitment of Social Bond Theory

The time, energy, and effort expended on conventional actions, such as getting an education. You don’t want to lose it, so you don’t commit a crime.

Belief of Social Bond Theory

Your moral belief in those institutions, your morals don’t align with crimes so you don’t commit a crime.

Marx’s view of class as it relates to capitalism

Marx stated that capitalistic societies consist of two classes—the capitalists and the workers—and class relationships involve inequality and exploitation, as capitalists profit by paying workers less than the value of their labor, creating an inevitable class conflict. 

How Interactionists view the effect of class on lifestyle

Mainly concerned with the effect of social class on one's lifestyle. Such as

• Education- effects of where you went and go to school, how much schooling you have (master’s, bachelor's, or just high school, or whether private or public or get extra help for SAT or other school resources etc.)

• Health- health insurance, quality of medicine, quality of food.

• Family Life-

-Single Parent-Two-parent households are better than 1 household income.

-Choice of Husband or Wife-The choice of husband or wife is usually from the same class, because usually, two opposite classes will end up in dispute. After all, they view things differently, like housing, paying a certain amount

-Child Rearing (Annette Lareau, University of Pennsylvania)-Class also affects how you raise your kids, either Concerted Cultivation (Middle Class) or Natural Growth (lower Class/Poor)

Davis & Moore’s explanation of inequality

Their explanation was….

• Inequality is necessary to ensure that certain important positions are filled

• Rewards( money, prestige) are based on the importance of the position and the scarcity of qualified personnel

• Greater rewards need to be offered in order to entice qualified people

For example, going to med school is extremely hard, but people step up because of the amount of money that comes with being a doctor.

Both had a functionalist perspective where

• Class structure provides a competitive arena

• Class structure provides a motivating force: because people from different classes see others from a better class and want it for themselves, so they try to achieve it.

Criticism of Davis and Moore explanation of inequality

• Doesn't address other motivations

 Values

Intrinsic satisfaction

 Personal pleasure

• Doesn't apply to Societies where status is inherited

• Doesn't explain Athletes and celebrities. (really not that necessary in society, but makes more money than doctors)

How the poverty line is established

• Determined by the US Dept. of Agriculture and other
  Government Agencies each year

• Adjusted by family size and related to food consumption

• 2026

Family of 4 earning less than $33,000 per annum

 (approximately $2,540 /month take-home)

Absolute poverty

The the minimum level of subsistence that no family should live below.

Relative poverty

A standard by which people are defined as being disadvantaged when compared to the nation as a whole.

*We look at folks, and we say, " Is this person poor compared to the rest of the country? not necessarily specific, like annual income or anything like that. When we talk about relative poverty, we can either compare nations. Let's take the person who in America we would consider impoverished, and we can look at how that person lives, what they have access to. And take that person and compare them to a standard of living in another country

Herbert Gan’s explanation of the role of the poor

Herbert Gans identified a number of social, economic, and political functions that the poor perform for society:

• Menial(like McDonald’s) jobs are performed at low cost (because we need jobs that don't necessarily require a whole lot of skill)

• Creates jobs for those that serve the poor

• Perception of the poor as deviants upholds the legitimacy of conventional social norms (motivates you or demotivates you to get an education or work hard)

• Existence of poor guarantees the higher status of the more affluent (rich )- creates a society where we have a top (rich people) and the bottom (poor) rather than a horizontal society like communism tried to achieve.

What is Social Mobility?

Movement of individuals or groups from one position of a society's stratification system to another.

What are the different types of mobility

Intergenerationalk

Intragenerational

Horizontal

 Vertical

Intergenerational Mobility

• refers to changes in the social position of children relative to their parents.

• Your position has improved or decreased relative to where your parents work, doing better or worse than your parents

Intragenerational Mobility

• refers to changes in social position within a person's adult life.

Horizontal Mobility

• is movement within the same range of prestige.

Vertical Mobility

• movement from one position to another of a different rank, and this movement can be upward or downward.

What are the two main reasons for world inequality

Modernist Theory

Dependence Theory

Modernist Theory

A model of economic and social development that explains global inequality as the result of technological and cultural differences between nations, eventually, all nations will catch up.

Dependence Theory

A model of economic and social development that explains global inequality as the result of the historical exploitation of poor nations by rich ones

World systems analysis

a macro-level framework developed by Immanuel Wallerstein to study global social, economic, and political inequality.

World systems analysis types

Core

Semi periphery

Periphery

Core

• Complex bureaucracy- Very large, very effective. Political system and administration, government

• Diversified economy-economy is made up of a lot of different industries.

• Complex infrastructure-roads, power grids, water systems, sewer systems.

• Free public education

• Powerful military used to project influence

Usually designs devices such as phones and gets the most money out if it

Semi periphery

• Lies between the two extremes

• Core in decline or periphery in ascension

• Less diversified economy and political influence abroad

usally were assemply of devices such as phones happens

Periphery

• Least developed countries-the vast bulk of their economy is centered on one or two industries, usually raw materials and inexpensive labor

• Exploited for cheap labor and raw materials

• Poor infrastructure

• Poor access to education

• Military largely for internal control

usally were raw materials come from for devices such as phones

Meaning of sexual orientation

Sociological meaning of gender

In sociology, gender refers to the social and cultural meanings, roles, behaviors, and expectations that a society assigns to people based on their perceived sex.

culturally and socially constructed differences between females and males, including gender roles. identity, Sexism

Gender Roles

• refers to the culturally relative attitudes, behavior, and activities that are socially defined as characteristic of each sex and are learned through the socialization process.

• Masculinity: Attributes considered appropriate for males

• Femininity: Attributes considered appropriate for females

Gender identity

a person's perception of the self as female or male and acknowledging one's sex and internalizing the norms, values, and behaviors associated with its gender expectations

Sexism

The subordination of one sex, based on the assumed superiority of the other sex.

directed at women has three components:

• Negative attitudes

• Stereotypical beliefs

• Discrimination