Bio Study Guide

Flashcards for Mitosis, Cell Cycle, Meiosis, Genetics, DNA/RNA, Protein Synthesis, Evolution

Prophase

Chromosomes become visible and coil more tightly, centrioles move, spindle forms, nucleus disappears

What happens during Metaphase?

Chromosomes align at the cell's center

What happens during Anaphase?

Centromeres split, chromatids move to opposite poles

What happens during Telophase?

Chromosomes disperse, nuclear envelopes reform, spindle breaks down

What happens during Cytokinesis?

Cytoplasm divides

G1 Phase

Cell Growth, synthesize new proteins and organelles

What happens during the S Phase?

Chromosome Replication or synthesis and DNA Replication

What happens during the G2 Phase?

Preparation for Mitosis; organelles and molecules needed for cell division are produced

What is a Centromere?

Area where chromatids are attached

What are Somatic Cells?

Any cell of a living organism other than the reproductive cells.

What does Haploid mean?

Meaning one set; represented by the symbol N.

What does Diploid mean?

Meaning two sets; represented by the symbol 2N.

What is Crossing-Over?

Process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis.

What are Gametes?

Specialized cells involved in sexual reproduction.

Sperm

The 4 haploid gametes produced by meiosis in male animals

Egg

The female gamete

Polar Bodies

The 3 other cells produced in the female during meiosis, that DO NOT participate in reproduction

Law of Independent Assortment

That factors for different characteristics are distributed to gametes independently.

Law of Segregation

That a pair of factors is segregated, or separated, during the formation of gametes.

Heredity

Transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring.

Genes

Is the segment of DNA on a chromosome that controls a particular hereditary trait.

Dominant

This factor masks, or hides, the other factor for a specific characteristic.

Recessive

The trait that was hidden in the F1 Generation but reappeared in the F2 Generation

Phenotype?

The appearance of an organism as a result of its genotype.

Genotype

The genetic makeup of an organism.

Homozygous

When both alleles of a pair are alike for that characteristic

Heterozygous

When the two alleles in the pair are different.

Purebred

The offspring of genetically similar parents

Hybrid

The offspring of genetically dissimilar parents

Punnett Square

Used to predict the probability that certain traits will be inherited by offspring.

Monohybrid Cross

A cross between individuals that involves one pair of contrasting traits.

Dihybrid Cross

A cross between individuals that involves 2 pairs of contrasting traits.

Pedigree

A diagram or chart that depicts the inheritance of a particular trait or genetic condition across multiple generations of a family

What are the 3 parts of a Nucleotide?

5-carbon Sugar, Phosphate Group, Nitrogenous Base

What are the Nitrogenous Bases?

A, T, C, G

What is “S” Type Bacteria?

Smooth edged colonies - caused pneumonia

What is “R” Type Bacteria?

Rough-edged colonies - harmless

Transformation

The process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria.

What is Chargaff’s Rule?

A = T and G = C

What are the 3 Types of RNA?

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

What is the shape of RNA?

Single Helix

Transcription

The process by which genetic information is copied from DNA to RNA

What is the Start Codon?

AUG

What are the (UAA, UAG, UGA) Stop Codons?

Cause the ribosome to stop translating an mRNA.

Genetic Code

A correlation between a nucleotide sequence and an amino acid sequence that is used by most organisms to translate mRNA transcripts into proteins.

Spontaneous Generation

Life is “produced” “automatically” from non-living things.

Stromatolites

Huge mounds of bacteria colonies live in shallow ocean water.

Prokaryotes

Cells that lack a nucleus

Eukaryotes

Contain a nucleus that contains their genetic material.

Autotrophs

An organism that can make its own food from inorganic substances, using energy from sunlight or a chemical source

Heterotrophs

An organism that cannot make its own food and instead obtains energy and nutrients by consuming other organisms, either dead or alive

Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection

Each unique organism has different advantages and disadvantages in the struggle for existence, and those best suited survive to reproduce.

Natural Selection

Process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully.

Fitness

The ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in its specific environment.

Adaption

Any inherited characteristic that increases an organism’s chance of survival.

Artificial Selection

Nature provides the variation, and humans selected those variations that they found useful.

Fossils

Preserved remains of ancient organisms

What are Homologous Structures?

Structures that have different mature forms but develop from the same embryonic tissues.

Vestigial Organs

Organs of many animals that are so reduced in size that they are just vestiges, or traces, of homologous organs in other species