Mix questions(module 1 to 4)

What is the Gram reaction and shape of Staphylococcus?

Gram-positive, spherical clusters

Which Streptococcus species is most commonly associated with pharyngitis?

Streptococcus pyogenes

What is the primary virulence factor of Bacillus anthracis?

Protective antigen, lethal factor, and edema factor

How does Clostridium botulinum cause paralysis?

By producing botulinum toxin, which blocks acetylcholine release

What is the key differentiating test for Staphylococcus and Streptococcus?

Catalase test

What is the appearance of Bacillus anthracis colonies on blood agar?

Medusa head, non-hemolytic colonies

Which Clostridium species is responsible for tetanus?

Clostridium tetani

How does Staphylococcus aureus evade the immune system?

Through Protein A, which binds to the Fc region of antibodies

What are the major toxins produced by Clostridium perfringens?

Alpha toxin, beta toxin, epsilon toxin, and iota toxin

What disease is caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in pigs?

Swine erysipelas

What is the morphology of Streptococcus pneumoniae?

Gram-positive, lancet-shaped diplococci

How is Listeria monocytogenes transmitted?

Contaminated food, especially dairy and meats

What is the appearance of Staphylococcus aureus colonies on Mannitol Salt Agar?

Yellow colonies due to mannitol fermentation

What staining method is used to identify Bacillus anthracis?

McFadyean’s stain

How does Clostridium tetani enter the body?

Through deep puncture wounds

What are the symptoms of swine erysipelas caused by Erysipelothrix?

Diamond-shaped skin lesions, arthritis, and septicemia

What is the function of the M protein in Streptococcus?

Prevents phagocytosis

How does Listeria monocytogenes move inside host cells?

Via actin polymerization

What hemolysis pattern does Streptococcus pyogenes exhibit on blood agar?

Beta-hemolysis

What is the causative agent of gas gangrene?

Clostridium perfringens

What antibiotics are effective against Listeria infections?

Ampicillin and gentamicin

How does Clostridium difficile cause diarrhea?

By producing enterotoxins A and B

What laboratory test is used to confirm Streptococcus agalactiae?

CAMP test

What is the primary reservoir for Bacillus anthracis?

Soil and animal hides

What conditions promote Clostridium botulinum spore germination?

Anaerobic conditions with low acidity

What is the main route of transmission for Staphylococcus aureus infections?

Direct contact and contaminated surfaces

What are the three major components of anthrax toxin?

Protective antigen, lethal factor, and edema factor

Which Clostridium species is involved in foodborne illness?

Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium botulinum

What is the pathogenic mechanism of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?

Neuraminidase activity leading to vascular damage

What are the symptoms of Listeriosis in humans?

Meningitis, septicemia, and miscarriage in pregnant women

How does Streptococcus mutans contribute to dental caries?

By fermenting sugars and producing acid

What enzyme does Staphylococcus aureus produce to clot plasma?

Coagulase

What is the primary habitat of Clostridium tetani?

Soil and animal intestines

What is the role of the capsule in Bacillus anthracis?

Prevents phagocytosis

How can Listeria monocytogenes be detected in food samples?

Cold enrichment culture and PCR

What diseases are caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae?

Pneumonia, meningitis, otitis media

What is the importance of botulinum toxin in bioterrorism?

It is a potent neurotoxin with deadly effects

How is Staphylococcus epidermidis differentiated from S. aureus?

S. epidermidis is coagulase-negative

What toxin is responsible for toxic shock syndrome?

Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1)

What disease is caused by Streptococcus equi?

Strangles in horses

What is the main virulence factor of Listeria monocytogenes?

Listeriolysin O

What are the characteristic symptoms of tetanus?

Muscle spasms, lockjaw, and risus sardonicus

How does Clostridium perfringens cause tissue necrosis?

By producing alpha toxin, which disrupts cell membranes

What is the incubation period of anthrax?

1-7 days

What antibiotic is most commonly used for Streptococcus infections?

Penicillin

What are the risk factors for Listeria monocytogenes infection?

Pregnancy, immunosuppression, and contaminated food

What differentiates Bacillus from Clostridium morphologically?

Bacillus is aerobic, while Clostridium is anaerobic

How does Clostridium difficile infection develop after antibiotic use?

Disruption of normal gut flora allows overgrowth of C. difficile

What are the symptoms of food poisoning caused by Staphylococcus aureus?

Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea within hours

How does Streptococcus pneumoniae evade host immunity?

By producing a polysaccharide capsule

What is the mechanism of action of tetanospasmin toxin?

Blocks inhibitory neurotransmitter release

How is Bacillus cereus associated with foodborne illness?

Produces emetic and diarrheal toxins

What enzyme does Staphylococcus aureus produce to degrade tissues?

Hyaluronidase

How does Streptococcus agalactiae affect newborns?

Causes neonatal sepsis and meningitis

What are the typical symptoms of botulism?

Flaccid paralysis, blurred vision, and respiratory failure

What is the purpose of the Elek test for Corynebacterium diphtheriae?

Detects diphtheria toxin production

What is the main habitat of Listeria monocytogenes?

Soil, water, and contaminated food

How does Bacillus anthracis persist in the environment?

Forms highly resistant spores

What diseases are caused by Clostridium septicum?

Malignant edema and gas gangrene

What is the treatment for toxic shock syndrome caused by Staphylococcus aureus?

IV fluids, antibiotics, and supportive care

How does Clostridium botulinum toxin affect neurotransmission?

Prevents acetylcholine release, causing paralysis

What is the significance of Streptococcus suis in veterinary medicine?

Causes meningitis and septicemia in pigs and humans

What is the function of the anthrax capsule?

Prevents immune clearance

How does Clostridium perfringens cause food poisoning?

By producing enterotoxins in contaminated food

What is the main complication of Streptococcus pyogenes infection?

Rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis

How does Listeria monocytogenes survive inside macrophages?

By escaping the phagosome using listeriolysin O

What is the mechanism of antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus?

Methicillin resistance via mecA gene

How is Clostridium difficile infection diagnosed?

Detection of toxins in stool samples

What is the best prevention method for botulism?

Proper food handling and canning techniques