Cal Poly Bio 111 Lab Final

phototropism

growth or movement in a particular direction in response to light

germination

process by which a seed becomes a young plant

chlorophyll

pigments found in chloroplasts that absorb light during photosynthesis

photosynthesis

process by which plants convert sunlight, water, nutrients and carbon dioxide into energ

scientific method

1) observation

2) question

3) hypothesis

4) prediction

5) experiment

6) analysis and gathering of data

7) conclusion

8) identifying any changes

9) sharing results

amino acids

make up proteins and enzymes

nucleic acids

make up DNA and RNA, macromolecule, made of nucleotide monomers

monosaccharides

make up sugars and carbs

lipids

make up fats

prokaryotes

older, have circular DNA (plasmids), no nucleus, cell wall, mitochondria, chloroplasts

eukaryotes

newer, linear DNA in chromosomes, animal, plant and fungal cells

cell membrane

surrounds a cell, selectively regulates passage in and out of cell, also called plasma membrane

enzymes

protein catalyst that speeds up biological reactions

nucleus

only in eukaryotic cells,, contains chromosomes, has two membranes

cell wall

around the membrane, in most eukaryotic cells

flagella

helps to "swim", rotates in prokaryotes, helps move

cilia

short versions of flagella, move the cell and move things around non-moving cells

stomata

pores on leaves' surfaces that take in CO2

guard cells

they guard the stomata, open and close depending on needs

hominid

member of the family hominidae

hominin

members of the subfamily homininae

allopatric speciation

division into species because they are divided by a geographic barrier

sympatric speciation

division into species because of some other factor

homologous structures

two different things have the same trait

analogous structures

two different things have grown to have the same traits

genetic drift

random change in allele frequency

gene flow

moving alleles between populations

sexual selection

selection of traits to improve mating success

natural selection

selection of traits to improve chance of survival

mutations

basis of genetic variation

theory

well-substantiated idea with facts

photo segment of photosynthesis

light is captured, h2o is split, o2 is produced, happens in thylakoid membrane in chloroplasts

synthesis segment of photosynthesis

sugar is made, co2 from the air is take in for it, happens in the stroma, in chloroplasts but outside thylakoids

gravitropism

growth in response to gravity

producers

convert light energy from the sun into stored energy

consumers

get their energy from prodcuers through respiration

mitochondria

site of cellular respiration

ectotherm

get their temperature from the outside environment

endotherm

create their own body temperature

poikilotherm

can live at just about any temperature

homeotherm

needs the temperature to stay roughly constant

heterotherm

can switch between homeothermic and poikilothermic tendencies

respiration rate

rate of oxygen consumption

metabolic rate

rate of energy use

detergents

break up membranes

wash buffer

wash out the things you don't want

elution buffer

take DNA off filter and into solution

alcohol

form DNA into balls

transposon

a DNA sequence that can move themselves

exons

transcribed region that is passed on in translation

5' UTRs

immediately upstream from initiation codon

3' UTRs

immediately downstream from termination codon

intron

spliced out, unusable portions of DNA

regulatory sequences

pieces that are involved in controlling the expression of a specific gene, bind to regulatory proteins

DNA isolation

getting the DNA away from the rest of the stuff in the sample

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

makes many copies of DNA

gel electrophoresise

separates strands of DNA based on their sizes

steps of PCR

denaturation (68-72), DNA broken into 2 single strand

annealing (55-60) primers bind to DNA

extension/elongation (68-72) new DNA strands are made

PV92 intron, site of ALU transposon

transposon is 300 base pairs, gene is 500 base pairs

ladders

used to compare to other samples

Hardy-Weinberg assumptions

large population, no genetic drift, no gene flow, no mutations, no sexual selection (random mating), no natural selection (all alleles help survival equally)

universal recipient blood type

AB positive

universal donor blood type

O-

eyepiece

area to look through

magnification control

total controls that determine object's magnification

focus

moves the head up and down to bring image into focus

stage

area where slides are placed and held in place

slide holder

small metal clips to keep slide from moving

condenser

used to focus the light on the slide on the stage

iris control

controls amount of light reaching the stage

objective lens

the lens with different magnification options

coarse focus

moves the stage to bring slide into general focus

fine focus

fine-tunes the view, brings fully into focus

slide adjustment

lets you move the slide on the stage plate

epidermis

outer layer of skin

mesophyll

inner tissue with many chloroplasts

palisade cells

have chloroplasts that absorb most of the light

spongy cells

have loosely arranged chloroplasts

spectrophotometer

measures intensity of light, produces graph