Cover surfaces, line body cavity, and form protective (and often lubricating) sheets.
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Epithelial membranes and connective tissue membranes
Two major groups of body membranes.
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Epithelial membranes
Also called as covering and lining membranes. Includes the cutaneous membrane (skin), the mucous membranes and the serous membranes.
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Cutaneous membrane
Is your skin, composed of a keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium.
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Mucous membrane (mucosa)
This membrane type lines all body cavities that open to the exterior, such as those of hollow organs in the respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts.
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Absorption or secretion
The epithelium of mucosae is often adapted for \_____ and \______
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Serous membranes (serosa)
Is composed of a simple squamous epithelium resting on a thin layer of areolar connective tissue. Lines body cavities that are closed to the exterior cavity and joint cavities.
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Parietal layer and Visceral layer
Serous membranes occur in pairs. (2 layers)
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Parietal layer
Lines a specific portion of the wall of the ventral body cavity.
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Visceral layer
Layer which covers the outside of the organs in that cavity.
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Serous fluid
Serous layers are separated not by air but by a scanty amount of thin, clear fluid called \_____.
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Peritoneum
The serosa lining the abdominal cavity and covering its organs is the \____. Isolates the heart and lungs from one another.
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Pleura
The membrane surrounding the lungs.
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Pericardium
The membrane surrounding the heart.
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Synovial membranes
Are composed of soft areolar connective tissue and contain no epithelial cells at all. Lines fibrous capsules surrounding joints, provides lubricating fluid.
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Bursae
Are small synovial sacs between tendons and bone.
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Integumentary system
Composed of skin and its derivatives (sweat and oil glands, hair and nails)
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Protects, insulates, cushions.
Function of integumentary system. (3)
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Epidermis and dermis
The skin is composed of two layers of tissue.
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Epidermis
The outer layer made up of stratified squamous epithelium that is capable of keratinizing or becoming hard or tough.
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Dermis
The layer of skin that is made up of mostly dense connective tissue.
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Blister
A burn or friction (such as rubbing of a poorly fitting shoe) may cause them to separate, allowing interstitial fluid to ACCUMULATE IN CAVITY BETWEEN LAYERS.
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Subcutaneous tissue or Hypodermis
Deep to the dermis which essentially is adipose tissue. Anchors underlying organs. Site of fat storage.
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Stratum basale and corneum
The bottom and top layers of the Epidermis.
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Avascular
Epidermis is \_____ or has no blood supply.
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Keratinocytes
Most of the cells of the epidermis are composed of \____.
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Keratin
The fibrous protein that makes the epidermis a tough protective layer.
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Stratum basale
The deepest layer of the epidermis, lies closest to the dermis and is connected to it along a wavy borderline.
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Stratum germinativum
Alternate name of stratum basale due to the diffusion of epidermal cells.
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Stratum corneum
The outermost layer , 20 to 30 cell layers thick, counts for about three-quarters of the epidermal thickness.
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Melanin, melanocytes
\______ is a pigment that ranges in color from yellow to brown to black.
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Produced by a spider-shaped cells called \______ found chiefly in stratum basale.
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Freckles or moles
Are seen where melanin is concentrated in one spot.
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Meisner's corpuscles
Nerve receptor seen at the upper level of the dermis responsible for detecting light touch.
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Pacinian corpuscles
Receptors deep in the dermis responsible for detecting pressure.
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Dermis
Is your "hide". Strong, stretchy envelope that binds the body together.
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Papillary and reticular
The two regions of the dense (fibrous) connective tissue.
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Papillary layer
The upper dermal region. It is uneven and has peglike projections from its superior surface.
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Dermal papillae
The superior surface of the papillary layer.
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Fingerprints
The ridges of the fingertips w/ well provided sweat pores that leaves a unique identifying films of sweat.
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Reticular layer
The deepest skin layer w/c contains irregularly arranged connective tissue fibers, as well as blood vessels, sweat and oil glands.
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Decubitus ulcers
Occurs in bedridden patients who are not turned regularly or who are dragged or pulled across the bed repeatedly.
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Cyanosis
Common during heart failure and severe breathing disorders. Makes caucasians appear blue (smurfs)
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Redness or erythema
Indicates embarrassment(blushing), fever, hypertension, inflammation, or allergy.
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Jaundice
Or a yellow cast. An abnormal yellow skin tone usually signifies a LIVER DISORDER in w/c excess bile pigments are absorbed into the blood, circulated throughout the body, and deposited in body tissues.
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Skin appendages
Include cutaneous glands, hair and hair follicles, and nails.
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Sebaceous glands
Or oil glands. Found all over the skin except on the palms of the hands and in the soles of the feet. Their ducts USUALLY empty into a hair follicle.
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Sebum
The product of sebaceous glands
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Sweat glands
Also called as "SUDORIFEROUS GLANDS". Widely distributed in the skin.
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Eccrine and apocrine
Two types of sweat glands.
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Eccrine glands
Primarily distributed all throughout the body. Secretes sweat.
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Apocrine glands
Mainly found in the axillary (armpit) and genital areas.
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Hairs
Are produced by a hair follicle.
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Medulla
Central core of the hair.
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Cortex
Surrounds the medulla.
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Cuticle
Encloses the cortex layer.
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Epidermal sheath
The inner lining of the hair follicle that forms the hair.
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Dermal sheath
Is actually a dermal connective tissue, supplies blood vessels to the epidermal portion and reinforces it.
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Hair papilla
Provides blood supply to the matrix in the hair bulb.
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Arrector pili
"Raiser of the hair"
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Nail
A scalelike modification of the epidermis that corresponds to the hoof or claw of other animals.
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Nail folds
The borders of the nail are overlapped by skin folds called \______.
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Cuticle
The edge of the thick proximal nail fold is commonly called the \_____.
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Nail bed
Stratum basale that extends beneath the nail.
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Nail matrix
The thickened proximal area responsible for nail growth.
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Lunula
The white crescent of the nail.
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Burns
Is tissue damage and cell death caused by intense heat, electricity, utlraviolet radiation, or certain chemicals.
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Rule of nines
The rule in which the volume of fluid loss can be estimated indirectly.
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First-degree burns
Only epidermis is damaged.
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Second-degree burns
Involve injury to the epidermis and the upper region of the dermis.
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Partial-thickness burns
Is referred to the second degree burns.
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Third-degree burns
Destroys the entire thickness of the skin, also called as full-thickness burns.
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Athlete's foot, tinea pedis
An itchy, red peeling condition in the skin between the toes, resulting from fungus infection. Also called\_______
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Exocrine glands
Glands that release their secretions to the skin surface via ducts.
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Sebaceous and sudoriferous
Two groups of cutaneous glands
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Boils and carbuncles
Inflammation of hair follicles and sebaceous gland
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Staphylococcus aureus
Carbuncles are composite boils typically caused by bacterial infection often \_______
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Cold sores (fever blisters)
Caused by a herpes simplex infection.
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Impetigo
Pink, water-filled, raised lesion (commonly around the mouth and nose) that develop a yellow rust and eventually rupture. Caused by a highly contagious staphylococcus infection. Common in elementary school-aged children.
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Contact dermatitis
Itching, redness, and swelling of the skin, progressing to blistering.
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Psoriasis
A chronic condition, characterized by OVERPRODUCTION of skin cells that results in reddened epidermal lesion covered with dry, silvery scales that itch,mburn, crack, and sometimes bleed.
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Basal cell carcinoma
Is the least malignant and most common skin cancer. Cells of the stratum basale cannot form keratin.
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Squamous cell carcinoma
Arises from the cell of stratum spinosum. Appears as a scaly, reddened papule that gradually forms a shallow ulcer with a firm, raised border.
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Malignant melanoma
Cancer of melanocytes.
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ABCD rule
A rule in which recognizes melanoma
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Asymmetry, border irregularity, color, diameter
ABCD rule
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Asymmetry
Two sides of the pigment spot or mole do not match.
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Border irregularity
Borders of the lesion are not smooth but exhibit indentations.
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Color
The pigmented spot contains different colors (blacks, browns, tans, and sometimes blues and reds)
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Diameter
The spot is larger than 6mm (size of a pencil eraser.
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Melanin, carotene, oxygen-rich hemoglobin
Three pigments that contribute to skin color.
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Whitehead
If a sebaceous gland's duct is blocked, a \______ appears.
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Blackhead
If the accumulated material oxidizes and dries, it darkens, forming a \_____.
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Acne
Is an active infection of the sebaceous glands accompanied by pimples on the skin. It can be mild or extremely severe, leading to permanent scarring.
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Seborrhea
Known as "candle cap" in infants, is caused by overactivity of the sebaceous glands.
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Sweat glands
Also called sudoriferous glands, are widely distributed in the skin.
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25 to 45 days
Old layers of cells are replaced by new ones every \_____.
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