Anatomy Chapter 4 Integumentary

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Body membranes

Cover surfaces, line body cavity, and form protective (and often lubricating) sheets.

Epithelial membranes and connective tissue membranes

Two major groups of body membranes.

Epithelial membranes

Also called as covering and lining membranes. Includes the cutaneous membrane (skin), the mucous membranes and the serous membranes.

Cutaneous membrane

Is your skin, composed of a keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium.

Mucous membrane (mucosa)

This membrane type lines all body cavities that open to the exterior, such as those of hollow organs in the respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts.

Absorption or secretion

The epithelium of mucosae is often adapted for \_____ and \______

Serous membranes (serosa)

Is composed of a simple squamous epithelium resting on a thin layer of areolar connective tissue. Lines body cavities that are closed to the exterior cavity and joint cavities.

Parietal layer and Visceral layer

Serous membranes occur in pairs. (2 layers)

Parietal layer

Lines a specific portion of the wall of the ventral body cavity.

Visceral layer

Layer which covers the outside of the organs in that cavity.

Serous fluid

Serous layers are separated not by air but by a scanty amount of thin, clear fluid called \_____.

Peritoneum

The serosa lining the abdominal cavity and covering its organs is the \____. Isolates the heart and lungs from one another.

Pleura

The membrane surrounding the lungs.

Pericardium

The membrane surrounding the heart.

Synovial membranes

Are composed of soft areolar connective tissue and contain no epithelial cells at all. Lines fibrous capsules surrounding joints, provides lubricating fluid.

Bursae

Are small synovial sacs between tendons and bone.

Integumentary system

Composed of skin and its derivatives (sweat and oil glands, hair and nails)

Protects, insulates, cushions.

Function of integumentary system. (3)

Epidermis and dermis

The skin is composed of two layers of tissue.

Epidermis

The outer layer made up of stratified squamous epithelium that is capable of keratinizing or becoming hard or tough.

Dermis

The layer of skin that is made up of mostly dense connective tissue.

Blister

A burn or friction (such as rubbing of a poorly fitting shoe) may cause them to separate, allowing interstitial fluid to ACCUMULATE IN CAVITY BETWEEN LAYERS.

Subcutaneous tissue or Hypodermis

Deep to the dermis which essentially is adipose tissue. Anchors underlying organs. Site of fat storage.

Stratum basale and corneum

The bottom and top layers of the Epidermis.

Avascular

Epidermis is \_____ or has no blood supply.

Keratinocytes

Most of the cells of the epidermis are composed of \____.

Keratin

The fibrous protein that makes the epidermis a tough protective layer.

Stratum basale

The deepest layer of the epidermis, lies closest to the dermis and is connected to it along a wavy borderline.

Stratum germinativum

Alternate name of stratum basale due to the diffusion of epidermal cells.

Stratum corneum

The outermost layer , 20 to 30 cell layers thick, counts for about three-quarters of the epidermal thickness.

Melanin, melanocytes

\______ is a pigment that ranges in color from yellow to brown to black.

Produced by a spider-shaped cells called \______ found chiefly in stratum basale.

Freckles or moles

Are seen where melanin is concentrated in one spot.

Meisner's corpuscles

Nerve receptor seen at the upper level of the dermis responsible for detecting light touch.

Pacinian corpuscles

Receptors deep in the dermis responsible for detecting pressure.

Dermis

Is your "hide". Strong, stretchy envelope that binds the body together.

Papillary and reticular

The two regions of the dense (fibrous) connective tissue.

Papillary layer

The upper dermal region. It is uneven and has peglike projections from its superior surface.

Dermal papillae

The superior surface of the papillary layer.

Fingerprints

The ridges of the fingertips w/ well provided sweat pores that leaves a unique identifying films of sweat.

Reticular layer

The deepest skin layer w/c contains irregularly arranged connective tissue fibers, as well as blood vessels, sweat and oil glands.

Decubitus ulcers

Occurs in bedridden patients who are not turned regularly or who are dragged or pulled across the bed repeatedly.

Cyanosis

Common during heart failure and severe breathing disorders. Makes caucasians appear blue (smurfs)

Redness or erythema

Indicates embarrassment(blushing), fever, hypertension, inflammation, or allergy.

Jaundice

Or a yellow cast. An abnormal yellow skin tone usually signifies a LIVER DISORDER in w/c excess bile pigments are absorbed into the blood, circulated throughout the body, and deposited in body tissues.

Skin appendages

Include cutaneous glands, hair and hair follicles, and nails.

Sebaceous glands

Or oil glands. Found all over the skin except on the palms of the hands and in the soles of the feet. Their ducts USUALLY empty into a hair follicle.

Sebum

The product of sebaceous glands

Sweat glands

Also called as "SUDORIFEROUS GLANDS". Widely distributed in the skin.

Eccrine and apocrine

Two types of sweat glands.

Eccrine glands

Primarily distributed all throughout the body. Secretes sweat.

Apocrine glands

Mainly found in the axillary (armpit) and genital areas.

Hairs

Are produced by a hair follicle.

Medulla

Central core of the hair.

Cortex

Surrounds the medulla.

Cuticle

Encloses the cortex layer.

Epidermal sheath

The inner lining of the hair follicle that forms the hair.

Dermal sheath

Is actually a dermal connective tissue, supplies blood vessels to the epidermal portion and reinforces it.

Hair papilla

Provides blood supply to the matrix in the hair bulb.

Arrector pili

"Raiser of the hair"

Nail

A scalelike modification of the epidermis that corresponds to the hoof or claw of other animals.

Nail folds

The borders of the nail are overlapped by skin folds called \______.

Cuticle

The edge of the thick proximal nail fold is commonly called the \_____.

Nail bed

Stratum basale that extends beneath the nail.

Nail matrix

The thickened proximal area responsible for nail growth.

Lunula

The white crescent of the nail.

Burns

Is tissue damage and cell death caused by intense heat, electricity, utlraviolet radiation, or certain chemicals.

Rule of nines

The rule in which the volume of fluid loss can be estimated indirectly.

First-degree burns

Only epidermis is damaged.

Second-degree burns

Involve injury to the epidermis and the upper region of the dermis.

Partial-thickness burns

Is referred to the second degree burns.

Third-degree burns

Destroys the entire thickness of the skin, also called as full-thickness burns.

Athlete's foot, tinea pedis

An itchy, red peeling condition in the skin between the toes, resulting from fungus infection. Also called\_______

Exocrine glands

Glands that release their secretions to the skin surface via ducts.

Sebaceous and sudoriferous

Two groups of cutaneous glands

Boils and carbuncles

Inflammation of hair follicles and sebaceous gland

Staphylococcus aureus

Carbuncles are composite boils typically caused by bacterial infection often \_______

Cold sores (fever blisters)

Caused by a herpes simplex infection.

Impetigo

Pink, water-filled, raised lesion (commonly around the mouth and nose) that develop a yellow rust and eventually rupture. Caused by a highly contagious staphylococcus infection. Common in elementary school-aged children.

Contact dermatitis

Itching, redness, and swelling of the skin, progressing to blistering.

Psoriasis

A chronic condition, characterized by OVERPRODUCTION of skin cells that results in reddened epidermal lesion covered with dry, silvery scales that itch,mburn, crack, and sometimes bleed.

Basal cell carcinoma

Is the least malignant and most common skin cancer. Cells of the stratum basale cannot form keratin.

Squamous cell carcinoma

Arises from the cell of stratum spinosum. Appears as a scaly, reddened papule that gradually forms a shallow ulcer with a firm, raised border.

Malignant melanoma

Cancer of melanocytes.

ABCD rule

A rule in which recognizes melanoma

Asymmetry, border irregularity, color, diameter

ABCD rule

Asymmetry

Two sides of the pigment spot or mole do not match.

Border irregularity

Borders of the lesion are not smooth but exhibit indentations.

Color

The pigmented spot contains different colors (blacks, browns, tans, and sometimes blues and reds)

Diameter

The spot is larger than 6mm (size of a pencil eraser.

Melanin, carotene, oxygen-rich hemoglobin

Three pigments that contribute to skin color.

Whitehead

If a sebaceous gland's duct is blocked, a \______ appears.

Blackhead

If the accumulated material oxidizes and dries, it darkens, forming a \_____.

Acne

Is an active infection of the sebaceous glands accompanied by pimples on the skin. It can be mild or extremely severe, leading to permanent scarring.

Seborrhea

Known as "candle cap" in infants, is caused by overactivity of the sebaceous glands.

Sweat glands

Also called sudoriferous glands, are widely distributed in the skin.

25 to 45 days

Old layers of cells are replaced by new ones every \_____.

Collagen and elastic fibers

Are found throughout the dermis.

Collagen

Responsible for the toughness of the dermis.