History Semester 1 Exam

George Clemenceau Aims

George Clemenceau Aims

wanted to humiliate Germany and make them pay. wanted Germany to return colonies to France (Alsace and Lorraine)

Lloyd George Aims

wanted to make Germany pay but also wanted to re-establish trade with Germany

Woodrow Wilson Aims

didn’t want to make Germany pay, wanted ‘peace without victory’ and wanted a league of nations

Woodrow Wilsons 14 point plan reflected idealism and ideas about international relations and diplomacy

It was idealistic as it benefitted everyone not just America and it offered a way to move forward without blaming anyone.
Reflected international relations as his 14th point was about having a league of nations, an international committee where issues could be dealt with together and openly.
Reflected diplomacy as he believed in self-determination and open diplomacy where countries could make decisions and be independent. He also believed in no secret treaties.

Justification of limiting Germany’s military power in TOV

so that they wouldn’t attack again after their harsh treatment in the TOV. Most important for France due to close borders.

Significance of Alsace and Lorraine

was a territory between France and Germany. Prior to WW1 there was a war between France and Germany, Germany won and took Alsace and Lorraine. In TOV, it said it was to be given back to France. This was significant as France was taking back what was once taken from them and asserting dominance and boosting nationalism. It was also seen as a way to humiliate Germany. The land was rich in resources and was hence of great importance to French people

Bolsheviks

Led by Vladmir Lenin. believed in a violent revolution and a centralized socialist state controlled by proletariat. The goal was for the working class to overthrow the bourgeouis state and control means of production

Menshaviks

Led by Julius Martov. Believed in a peaceful transition to democratic socialism which had a mass party open to all workers.

1905 Revolution contribution to eventual success of the Bolsheviks

The 1905 revolution was successful in enacting political change, emergence of political parties and demonstrated the power of the masses.

Bloody Sunday sparked the 1905 revolution and angered the civilians and less people trusted the Tsar

The 1905 rev targeted peasantry and gave them a sense of power. It planted seeds of discontent and revolutionary consciousness.

It led to less support for the provisional government and made people want more power. Bolsheviks could provide this as they promised ‘peace land and bread’. Therefore people turned away from government as they promised a better life.

The use of propaganda by the Nazi Party

Hitler established ‘Reich Ministry of Public Enlightment and propaganda’ in order to tell German people what to think.

Film: were censored to only show pro-nazi beliefs

Newspapers: communist and socialist papers were closed and press couldn’t criticize German government

Used propaganda to filter what people knew in order to make them loyal supporters and was justifified as long as it aligned with the vision.

Impact of Nationalism on the development of Nazism in 1930s

Post WW1 the humiliation experienced by German people fostered nationalism as they wanted to be treated better. Nazism created a sense of unity through racial purity. They used propaganda to create nationalism and the rejection of the TOV.

Conditions in Weimar Germany that led to the rise of Nazi Party

The conditions were hyperinflation, poor living standards, economic and political instability.

The terms of the TOV angered the civilians, the Nazi party promised a better life for them a provided them with a clear direction and hope which Weimar couldn’t do. They connected people to what they wanted and provided a sense of safety and stability.

Nazi Propaganda and policies against the Jews

Policies: The Nuremberg Race Laws (1935) stripped citizenship and prohibited marriage between Jews and Non-Jews. Various laws limiting Jewish employment and education. Decree on Jewish Names forced them to add ‘Israel’ or ‘Sara’ to their names. They were also required to were the star of David for identification.

Propaganda: Taught in schools to hate Jewish children which fostered Aryan race superiority and discrimination. Encouraged acceptance towards mistreatment of Jews such as concentration camps. Aimed to alienate and separate Jewish people from the Aryan race. Was filtered through Youth groups to create Anti-Semitism

Ultimately aimed to dehumanize, persecute and discriminate against Jews.

Difficulties faced by Germany following WW1

The TOV conditions: land (reduction in colonies and land). Reparations (132 billion marks). War guilt clause. Demilitarization( 100000 men, no subs or airforce and 6 warships)

Hyperinflation which caused living conditions to decrease

Great Depression which led to the Wall Street Crash and America withdraws loans to Germany

Initial Difficulties faced by Weimar Government

Terms of the TOV led to political and economic instability as they was unrest from political and social groups.This meant that Weimar government never had full support of German people and were being undermined.

Changed to cultural life during Weimar Germany

There was increased civil rights including equality before the law, freedom of speech and right to assembly and association.

Censorship was abolished which led to economic recovery, there was increased consumerism due to mass commercial culture. There were developments in film and cinema and had significant Jewish contributions.

More funding in art leading various art movements. Modernism (art should look to the future). Bauhaus Movement ( increase functionality). New Objectivity (art should show the world realistically)

Led to the introduction in cabarets which challenged typical societal and general expectations.

Ultimately, led germany to flourish artistically enabling creativity and paving the way towards more social freedom in Germany.