Ch19 Textbook

What was the Industrial Revolution?

- a leap in industrial production

What replaced wind and water for energy?

Coal and steam

What replaced workshops and home workshops?

Factories

What happened to the economy?

It flipped from agricultural to manufacturing by machines

What did people do regarding where they lived?

They moved from the countryside to the city to be closer to factories

How did the classes change?

There was a wealthy middle and working class

When did the Industrial Revolution begin in Britain?

After 1750

What were the conditions in Britain?

- More leftover income to buy manufactured goods

- Population growth, surplus of factory workers

- Ready supply of capital investment

- effective central bank

- people wanted to make a profit

- good transportation

- good government

- good foreign outlet

What materials/natural resources were in Britain?

coal and iron ore

What was the food situation in Britain?

- improved agricultural practices so MORE food

- Feed more people for lower costs

How was production?

Cheap production for high-demand items (cotton)

flying shuttle

Invented by John Kay, this sped up the weaving process in 1733.

Spinning Jenny

James Hargreaves allowed yarn production in great quantities to fix the yarn shortage

loom

Invented by Edmund Cartwright, powered by water, allowed the mass production of cloth

Workers were brought to factories located near ______________.

rivers and streams

steam engine

James Watt

Engine powered by steam that pumps water from mines 3x faster, more coal is extracted from the mines

rotary engine

Watt created a machine that turns a shaft and drives machinery

What was the result of the rotary engine being invented?

- Cotton mills used a steam engine (now could be located anywhere)

- Imports of cotton skyrocketed

- Cotton was spun by machines

- Cotton became Britain's most important product

Puddling

Henry Cort

A process for removing impurities from crude "pig" iron.

What was the result of puddling?

- Boom in the iron industry

- iron built machines

Richard Trevithick

built the first steam locomotive

Stephenson's Rocket

The first steam engine railway train that could move beyond 16 mph. Revolutionized the railway industry. Used by the first public railway

Railroad contributions?

more jobs, cheaper and faster transportation

- prices fell, and markets grew

- more sales, more factories, and machinery

Were machines constantly being used?

Yes

What was work life like?

- workers worked regular hours and in shifts

- workers were used to periods of inactivity

- owners created work discipline

How were workers disciplined?

fines for minor stuff (late) and dismissed for serious (drunkenness)

How were children disciplined?

Children were beaten so they'd understand

_______ was the world's first and richest industrial revolution

Britain

Where did the Industrial Revolution spread to?

Belgium, France, and Germany

What were the problems with industrialization in those nations?

- lack of good roads and problems with river transit

- less enterprising businessmen, no risky investment

- lacked technical knowledge

How did these nations industrialize?

- borrowed British techniques and practices

- learned these skills and independence

What did Germany and Britain do to train engineers and mechanics?

France and Germany made technical schools to train engineers and mechanics.

What were the differences between Continental and British?

Continental -

furthered the development of industrialization (funds to build roads, canals, and rails)

Iron rails spread across Europe

joint-stock investment bank gave capital

British-

industrialize through the private capital of successful individuals to reinvest profits

What were joint-stock investment banks?

pooled savings of thousands of small and large investors, creating capital to go back into the industry

What was the state of the US in the Industrial Revolution?

- a grown population, large cities, fewer farmers

- a large country with roads and canals

- Laborers for factories came from New England

- workers were mainly women and children

- Second largest industrial revolution

What transported raw materials in the US?

railroad; 35k+ miles

Why couldn't other countries industrialize?

- traditions and social discipline (Japan)

- capital and natural resources, trade, rivers

- lack of urban market for agricultural products (China)

What were the positive impacts of the Industrial Revolution?

increase wealth, reduce class barriers, freed women from legal and social restrictions

What were the negative impacts of the Industrial Revolution?

widening disparities in the distribution of wealth, rootlessness, and alienation among the population

The Industrial Revolution was only in western and central ___________ and the ____________

Europe, United States

Did they want industrialization to spread? Why?

They didn't want to spread industrialization where they'd already established control

What were the conditions in Europe?

- population increased

- an increase in food and supplies and a decline of death

- cities were rapidly

What were the conditions of urban cities?

miserable, overcrowded, unsanitary, bad-smelling

deaths outnumbered births in large cities

Who was the bourgeois?

People in commerce, industry, banking, teaching, physicians, and government officials

Who was the industrial middle class?

- people who constructed factories, purchased machines, created markets

- sought to reduce barriers between them and the elite and separate fromthe labor class below

Conditions of the working class?

- bad (long shifts, no security, no minimum wage)

- bad temperatures, dirty, hard labor

Child labor?

- high rates because their size lets them crawl under machines and get loose cotton

- easily trained, cheap

- women and children were 2/3 workers of the cotton industry

Factory Act of 1833

prohibited employment of children under 9 and restricted hours for workers under 18

What was the result of the Factory Act?

Child employment declined, and women's employment increased

Women emploment

- paid less than men

- Men were responsible for primary work obligations

- women controlled the family and low-paying jobs

Did the IR improve the European standard of living?

debatable

- increased employment, lower prices, higher income

- employment was volatile with quick dismissal, non-uniform wages, and bad housing

What class benefited the most from the IR?

Middle class

What happened to children if they became drowsy while working?

They were hit with sticks or dipped in water

When was there a rise for change for slum, mine, and factory conditions?

1850

What is socialism?

equality of all people and to replace competition with cooperation

What was this socialist belief later labeled as?

utopian socialism (unrealistic)

Who was Robert Owen?

Utopian socialists believed that humans would show natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment

What did Robert Owen do to test his theory?

He transformed a squadid factory into a healthy community, but fights broke out and ruined his dream

What were trade unions?

labor organizations that wanted to gain decent wages and better working conditions

- formed by skilled workers

- willing to go on strike

What was the most successful and largest labor union?

(Britain) Amalgamated Society of Engineers

- got unemployment benefits in return for a small weekly pay

When and what was the Second Industrial Revolution?

1870s

It was steel instead of iron

What methods came about at the beginning of the 2nd IR?

new methods for shaping steel to use for machines, railways, and armory

What was electricity?

a new form of energy, and it could be converted into other forms

What was the purpose of hydroelectric power stations and coal-fueled steam-generating plants in homes?

Allowed homes, neighborhoods, and factories to be tied to a single power source

Who was Thomas Edison?

Inventor of the light bulb

What was the result of the lightbulb?

It transformed factories and machinery (efficiency and 24-hour work), and all countries could now industrialize

Alexander Graham Bell

Invented the telephone

Gugleilmo Marconi

Invented the radio

What other inventions came about?

ocean liners, airplanes, and automobiles

Henry Ford

United States manufacturer of automobiles that pioneered mass production of the Model T (via the assembly line)

Wright Brothers

Invented the airplane

What occurred in 1870 that affected European customers?

increase in wages, lower prices, and reduced transportation costs (easier for customers to buy)

Department stores

larger stores that are organized into many separate departments and offer many product lines

Who replaced Great Britain as the industrial leader of Europe?

Germany

Europe was dividing into ____ economic zones.

2

What were those zones?

1) advanced and industrialized

2) (south/east) provided food and raw materials

How was the world economy?

- Good marine transportation and railroads

- International trade increased

- Europe dominated the world

How was the IR in Russia?

Under Sergei Witte

- pushed for railroad construction, grew steel and coal industries

How was the IR in Japan?

- financed industries, railroads, brought foreign experts to train Japanese employees in new industrial techniques, and a new universal education system based on applied science

What did the 2nd IR do for women?

created new jobs (clerks, typists, secretaries)

- health and social services

- teachers and nurses; little skill needed for most jobs;

limited careers

- freed women from domestic patterns

Who developed the theory of Marxism?

Karl Marx

What does Marxism propose is the main driver of historical development?

Class struggle

In Marxism, who are the bourgeoisie?

The rich owners

In Marxism, who are the proletariat?

The workers

What does Marxism say about capitalism?

It creates inequality by exploiting workers

What is the predicted outcome of the class struggle in Marxism?

A worker revolution to create a classless society

Who picked up Marxism?

German Social Democratic Party

- They wanted to improve working-class conditions

Second International

association of national socialist groups dedicated to fighting against capitalism

May Day

May 1; made an international labor day to be marked by strikes and mass labor demonstrations by the Second International, a socialist group

What were the Marxist parties divided over?

revisionism

Who were pure Marxists?

They believed in violent revolution to collapse capitalism and socialist ownership

Who were revisionists?

people who rejected revolutionary socialism and argued that workers must organize mass political parties and work together to gain reforms

Trade unions

Right to strike in the 1870s, and conditions were improved by WW2