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Explain one element of counter-terrorism.

One element of counter-terrorism is intelligence gathering, which is the act of collecting information through spying or surveillance. The government can monitor online activity or phone calls to detect terrorist plans. If a plot is discovered, security forces stop the attack before it happens by making arrests, increasing security, or even carrying out military operations.

Explain the theory/strategy of deterrence.

Deterrence is a strategy used to prevent an enemy from taking unwanted actions, usually through the threat of punishment or consequences. During the Cold War, deterrence was a key strategy between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. Deterrence can also apply to modern security policies, such as cybersecurity, where countries warn of retaliation against cyberattacks, or counterterrorism. 

Explain one major difference between the international structure of 1992 (immediately after the end of the Cold War) and the international structure and polarity of today.

One major difference between the international structure of 1992 and the international structure and polarity of today is the shift from a unipolar world to a more multipolar system. Right after the end of the Cold War, the Soviet Union had collapsed, Russia was weak, and China was still developing. The USA became the dominant global power. However since then, both China and Russia have regained strength and emerged as a major superpower. The U.S. still remains powerful but has more competition and influence from other nations. As a result, global power is more distributed, and international conflicts involve multiple major players rather than just one dominant force. 

Explain one of the modern challenges to the state that we discussed in class.

One major modern challenge to the state is religious and ideological movements, which can weaken government control. Globalization and social media have helped extremist groups like ISIS recruit members and spread their ideology worldwide. These groups often promote violence, terrorism, or political instability, making them difficult to contain since they are not tied to one specific country. As a result, governments must focus on security, counter-terrorism, and preventing radicalization to address this growing threat.