Social Psychology

Personality traits

The specific and stable personality characteristics that describe an individual ("I am friendly," "I am shy," "I am persistent").

These individual differences are important determinants of behavior, and this aspect of the self-concept varies among people.

Social identity

The sense of our self that involves our memberships in social groups.

Private self-consciousness

- It refers to the tendency to introspect about our inner

thoughts and feelings.

- tend to think about themselves a lot and agree with statements such as "I'm always trying to figure myself out" and "I am generally attentive to my inner feelings."

- are likely to base their behavior on their own inner beliefs and values—they let their inner thoughts and feelings guide their actions—and they may be particularly likely to strive to succeed on dimensions that allow them to demonstrate their own personal accomplishments (Lalwani et al., 2009).

Self-Awareness Theory

When we focus our attention on ourselves, we tend to compare our current behavior against our internal standards (Duval & Wicklund, 1972).

Self-discrepancy theory

It states that when

we perceive a discrepancy between our actual and ideal selves, this is distressing to us (Higgins, Klein, & Strauman, 1987).

Self-affirmation theory

It suggests that people will try to reduce the threat to their self-concept posed by feelings of self-discrepancy by focusing on and affirming their worth in another domain, unrelated to the issue at hand.

Online environments

The role of the self-concept in influencing people's choice of avatars is only just beginning to be researched, but some evidence suggests that gamers design avatars that are closer to their ideal than their actual selves.

Self-verification theory

How feedback can affect our self-concept and self- esteem.

Social situation defines our self-concept and our self- esteem.

Labeling bias

It occurs when we are labeled, and others' views and expectations of us are

affected by that labeling.

For example, if a teacher knows that a child has been diagnosed with a particular psychological disorder, that teacher may have different expectations and explanations of the child's behavior than he or she would if not aware of that label.

Self-evaluation maintenance theory

it asserts that our self- esteem can be threatened when someone else outperforms us, particularly if that person is close to us and the performance domain is central to our self-concept.

Exemplification

The goal is to create GUILT by showing that you are a better person than the other.

The person is influenced by the social environment.

Individuals actively construe or interpret social situations.

The person is equally powerful in determining behavior

WHAT ARE THE THREE IMPORTANT FACTORS IN SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY?

Gilovich, Keltner, & Nisbett, 2006

They stated that It is the scientific study of the feelings, thoughts, and behaviors of individuals in social situations (Macapagal, Ofreneo, Montiel, Nolasco, 2013).

Gordon Allport (1954)

He stated that it is the discipline that uses scientific methods in an attempt to understand and explain how the thought, feeling and behavior of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of other human beings

Myers (2010)

He stated that It is the scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate with one another.

Baron and Branscombe (2012)

HE stated that It is a scientific study that seeks to understand the nature and causes of individual behavior, feelings, and thought in social situations.

Construal

the way in which people perceive, comprehend, and interpret the social world.

Sociology

It provides general laws and theories about societies, not individuals. It is concerned with such topics as social class, social structure, and social institutions. It tends toward a more macro focus - that of society at large. Why is the criminal rate in Metro Manila so much higher than in Tuguegarao?

Social Psychology

It shares with personality psychology particularly focusing on what makes people different from one another, it emphasizes the psychological processes shared by most people that make them susceptible to social influence

Plato

People form social groups because they serve a function.

Norman Triplett

An American psychologist from Indiana University; recorded the first experiment on social psychology in 1897.

Social facilitation

consequences of the presence of others on individual performance. Triplett observed that cyclists perform better when they race with an opponent rather than when they are alone.

Edward Ross

Wrote the first book in social psychology, Social Psychology: An Outline and Source Book written in 1908.

David Myers

Made three domains in north american social psychology

social thinking, social influence, social relations

what are the three domains david myers made?

social thinking

the self, social beliefs, and judgments; behavior and attitudes.

social influence

genes, culture, and gender; conformity; persuasion; group influence.

social relations

prejudice, aggression, attraction, helping, conflict, and peacemaking

Leon Festinger

who came up with social comparison theory?

cognitive dissonance

when there are inconsistencies between one's cognitions, which may be attitudes, beliefs, or an awareness of one's behavior. People have a motivation to reduce dissonance, or tension, by changing their attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors, or by justifying or rationalizing their attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors

attitude

a psychological tendency that is expressed by evaluating a particular object with some degree of favor or disfavor, like or dislike. It is internal to the person; it is not directly observable but is rather inferred from behavior. The target of an attitude may be a person/ people (e.g. actor-politicians), concepts (e.g. death penalty), or behaviors (e.g. smoking).

cognitive component, affective component, behavioral component

tricomponential view of attitudes conceptualizes attitude as a single identity with three components:

separate-entities

it is a view that sees three separate components that may or may not be related, depending on a particular situation

Graumman (2001)

proposed the return of the social or society back into social psychology.

Psychological social psychology

Sociological social psychology

Two kinds of social psychology:

Tajfel and Turner (1979) Social Identity Theory

proposed that the groups to which people belonged were an important source of pride and gave us a sense of social identity, or a sense of belonging to the social world.

MINORITY INFLUENCE

it was possible for a minority to overcome majority influence as long as the minority is consistent and confident.

this position consistency evokes perception of confidence and courage and may lead to defections from the majority

Moscovici and colleagues (1969)

they developed the minority influence theory and argued that it was possible for a minority to overcome majority influence as long as the minority is consistent and confident.

Indigenous research, Culture and social behavior, Specific topics in social psychology

Contributions of Asian social psychologist

relational orientation

a conceptual framework for Asian social psychology that he called

Bernardo (1997)

he indicated that a large percentage of studies conducted by Philippine psychologists were on social psychological topics.

Virgilio G. Enriquez in the 1970s

he came up with Pambansang Samahan sa Sikolohiyang Pilipino (PSSP), or the National Association for Philippine Psychology

makatao, makabluhan, angkop sa kultura.

It stressed the need for psychology to be ethical or respectful of the Filipino, to be relevant to Filipino social realities, and to be culturally appropriate, (Enriquez, 1997).

Utang na loob (gratitude/ solidarity)

It was conceptualized by Kaut and Hollnsteiner as a system of exchange

One-of-us (hindi ibang tao)

If one is categorized as one-of-us, or regarded as hindi ibang tao, interaction occurs at the deeper levels of pakikipagpalagayang-loob (being-in-rapport/ understanding/ acceptance with), or pakikisangkot (getting involved with), or pakikiisa (being one with), which is the highest level of interaction.

Pakikiramdam (shared inner perception)

It is the key interpersonal process that allows Filipinos to sense what the other is feeling and know when it is appropriate to practice hiya, utang na loob, and pakikisama.

Social perception

an active process through which we seek to know and understand others, one of the most basic and important aspects of social life.

Nonverbal Communication

Information about our inner states often revealed through five basic channels: facial expressions, eye contact, body movement, postures, and touching.

Facial expressions

Human feelings and emotions are often reflected in the face and can be read through specific expressions.

anger, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise, and disgust.

six basic emotions displayed on the human face:

personal distance

1.5 to 4 feet (Family members)

Social Distance

4 to 12 feet (Acquaintances)

Internal Attribution (Dispositional)

The process of assigning the cause of behavior to some internal characteristics, rather than to outside forces.

When we explain the behavior of others, we look for enduring _____, such as personality traits.

We attribute the behavior of a person to their personality, motives or beliefs.

external attribution (situational)

The process of assigning the cause of behavior to some situation or event outside a person's control rather than to some internal characteristics.

When we try to explain our own behavior we_____, such as situational or environment features.

correspondent inference theory

Actions are intentional rather than accidental. This theory simply says that people try to explain behavior by finding a match between the behavior they can see and the stable qualities/personality traits of the person displaying it.

A. Degree of choice

B. Expectedness of the behavior

C. Effects of that behavior

When we infer other's trait from their behavior, we based on the:

Kelley's Theory of Casual Attribution

Illustrates that our knowledge of behavior is used to make attributions based on the consensus, consistency and distinctiveness of the available information.

Fundamental Attribution Error

The tendency to attribute other people's behavior to internal factors such as personality traits, abilities, and feelings.

It explains why people blame other people for things over which they usually have no control.

Actor-Observer Effect

The bias happens when individuals base their perceptions of others on internal factors such personality, motives, or thoughts.

In turn, we tend to explain our own behavior with external or situaltional factors, like time of the day or the weather.

Actor-Observer Bias

Attributing other people's behavior to their character and one's own behavior to the situation.

Self-Serving Bias

Tendency to attribute positive events to their own character but attribute negative events to external factors.

Impression Formation

The process by which we form an overall impression of someone's character and abilities based on available information about their traits and behavior.

Impression Management

Efforts by individuals to produce favorable impressions on others (self-presentation). It it neither good or bad; it is an integral part of our social interaction and everyone gets involved in it everyday

Other-enhancement:

efforts to make the target person feel good in our presence.

Social Cognition

— The manner in which we interpret, analyze, remember, and use information about the social world.

controlled processing

tends to occur when something unexpected happens—something that jolts us out of automatic, effortless thought.

Schemas

these are mental frameworks that allow us to organize large amount of information in efficient manner. It can exert strong effects on Social Thought

social thought

effects that are not always beneficial from the point of view of accuracy.

several specific tendencies or tilts in social thought

tendencies that can lead us to false conclusions about others or social world.

Conditions of Uncertainty

Where the "correct: answer is difficult to know or would take a great deal or effort to determine.

Representative Heuristics

— A strategy for making judgements based on the extent to which current stimuli or events resemble other stimuli or categories.

Prototype:

Summary of the common attributes possessed by members of a category.

Availability Heuristics

— A strategy for making judgements on the basis of how specific kinds of information can be brought to mind, the greater its impact on subsequent judgment or decisions.

Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristics

— A heuristic that involves the tendency to use a number of value as a starting point to which we then make adjustments.

Encoding

it refers to the process through which information we notice gets stored in memory. The information that becomes the focus of our attention is more likely to be stored in long-term memory.

Priming

A situation that occurs when stimuli or vents increase the availability in memory or consciousness of specific types of information held in memory.

Unpriming

It refers to the fact that the effects of the schemas tend to persist until they are somehow expressed in thought or behavior and only then do their effects decrease.

Self-Fulfilling

they influence our responses to the social world in ways that makes it consistent with the schema. E.g. expectations

Optimistic Bias

People tend to see the world through rose-colored glasses.

— A powerful predisposition to overbook risks and expect things to turn out well.

Overconfidence Barrier

The tendency to have more confidence in the accuracy of our own judgements that is reasonable.

Planning Fallacy

— The tendency to believe that we can get more done in a given period of time that we actually can or that a given job will take less time than it really will. E.g. announced schedules for public works that have no chance of being met.

Engage in heuristic processing

Thinking that relies heavily on mental "shortcuts" (heuristics) and knowledge acquired through past experience.

Explicit attitudes

consciously accessible attitudes that are controllable and easy to report.

Implicit attitudes

Unconscious associations between objects and evaluative responses

Social Learning

The process through which we acquire mew information, forms of behavior or attitude from other people.

Classical Conditioning

A basic form of learning in which one stimulus (unconditioned stimulus), initially neutral, acquires the capacity to evoke reactions through repeated paring with another stimulus (condition stimulus).

Instrumental Conditioning

Attitudes that are followed by positive outcomes tend to be strengthened and are likely to be repeated, whereas attitudes that are followed by negative outcomes are reduced.

Social networks

composed of individuals with whom we have interpersonal relationships and interact with on a regular basis.

Observational Learning

A basic form of learning in which individuals acquire new forms of behavior as a result of observing others.

Social comparison

the process through which we compare ourselves to others to determine whether our view of social reality is, or is not correct.

Reference group

people often adjust their attitudes so as to hold views closer to those of others who they value and identify with.

Central route persuasion

deeply processing a message's content (e.g. why do you like this particular product)

Peripheral route persuasion

deals with other aspects rather than the content (e.g. liking the spokesperson for a product.

Fear appeals

-attempting to change people's behaviors by use of a message that induces fear.

Persuaded Audience

the audience that tends to have two characteristics:

➢Low self-esteem

➢High social anxiety

Foot-in-the-door effect

After getting someone agree to a small request you follow-up with a large request.

Cognitive aspect

Affective aspect

Social aspect

what are the three aspects of self

Subtopics of cognitive aspect

Self-concept and Self-awareness

Self-concept

the thoughts that we hold about ourselves.

It is the knowledge representation that contains knowledge about us, including our beliefs about our personality traits, physical characteristics, abilities, values, goals, and roles, as well as the knowledge that we exist as individuals.

It is the most important of all our schemas, it has an extraordinary degree of influence on our thoughts, feelings, and behavior.

Subtopic of Affective aspect

Self-esteem