Biology 1442 Evolution & Ecology 1st Exam University of Texas in Arlington UTA

Population

What is the unit of Evolution?

Individuals

What is typically, but not always, the unit of selection?

Phenotype

Genotype+Environmental Influence=?

Neutral

Are most mutations harmful, neutral or positive?

Harmful

Chromosomal mutations that delete, disrupt, or rearrange many loci are harmful, neutral or positive?

Duplicated Genes

What kind of genes can take on a new function by mutating further?

James Hutton

Who developed Gradulaism? (What we see is the result of a gradual change on Earth)

Thomas Mathus

Who wrote an essay on Principle of Population (Resources acquisition does not go up)?

Jean Baptist Lamarck

Who developed up with Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics (Totally Incorrect)

George Cuvier

Who developed Catastrophism (Evolution happens as a result of a catastrophe)?

Charles Lyell

Who developed Uniformitarianism on the Principles of Geology?

Phylogeny

What is a Tree of Life called?

Wallace's Line

Biogeographic boundary between Asian and Australian flora and fauna?

Peter and Rosemary Grant

Who studied finches on the Galapagos?

Microevolution

What is change in allele frequencies over generations?

Selection, Genetic drift, Gene flow (migration, emigration, immigration)

What are three main mechanisms can change allele frequency?

Mutation; Gene Duplication; Sexual Reproduction

What are three ways we get Genetic Variation?

Point Mutation

What is a change in one base in a gene?

Neutral Variation

What is it called when a mutation confers no selective advantage or disadvantage?

Low

Are mutation rates are high or low in animals and plants?

High

Are mutation rates are high or low in prokaryotes and viruses?

Definition of Population

What is a localized group of individuals capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring?

Gene Pool

What consists of all the alleles for all loci in a population?

A locus

What is fixed if all individuals in a population are homozygous for the same allele?

The total number of alleles at a locus is the total number of individuals times 2

How can the frequency of an allele in a population be calculated in a diploid organism?

Two alleles for each homozygous dominant/recessive individual plus one allele for each heterozygous individual

How do you calculate the total number of dominant/recessive alleles at a locus?

1

What does the frequency of all alleles in a population add up to?

The genetic makeup we expect for a population that is not evolving at a particular locus

What does the Hardy-Weinberg Equation describe?

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

What kind of population is it where gametes contribute to the next generation randomly and Mendelian inheritance occurs (allele and genotype frequencies remain constant from generation to generation)?

No mutations, random mating, no natural selection, extremely large population size, no gene flow

What are the five conditions for non-evolving populations that are rarely met in nature?

Natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow

What are the three major factors alter allele frequencies and bring about most evolutionary change?

Adaptive evolution

What is an improvement in the match between organisms and their environment?

Genetic Drift

What describes how allele frequencies fluctuate unpredictably from one generation to the next?

Founder Effect

What effect describes when allele frequencies in the small founder population can be different from those in the larger parent population?

Bottleneck Effect

What effect is a sudden reduction in population size due to a change in the environment and the resulting gene pool and may no longer be reflective of the original population's gene pool?

Gene flow

What is the movement of alleles among populations (tends to reduce variation among population over time) called?

Natural Selection

What is the only mechanism that consistently causes adaptive evolution?

No

Does genetic drift and gene flow consistently lead to adaptive evolution as they can increase or decrease the match between an organism and its environment?