6. Functional Groups // S3.2

Pre and suf?

Longest carbon change is prefix and functional group is suffix

Boiling point increases (alkanes)

Carbon chain increases (more LDFs)

Why is carbon unique?

1. Can form multiple bonds with itself and other elements

2. Strong C-C and C-H bonds

3. Carbon can form chains and rings

4. Carbon cannot expand its octet of valence electrons

Silicon special case in bonding

octet can be expanded = less stable kinetically

Homologous series

Have the same general formula with neighbouring members of the series

Chemical properties are similar

Gradual change in physical properties

Functional groups

Specific grouping of atoms that forms part of an organic compound.

Responsible for the chemical reaction characteristic and physical properties of a compound

1

Meth

2

Eth

3

prop

4

But

5

Pent

6

Hex

7

hep

8

oct

9

Non

10

Dec

Prefixes for number of identical substituent groups

Di

Tri

Tetra

Penta

Alkanes / Alkyl group

Alkane Intermolecular Forces

London dispersion forces

Alkene Intermolecular Forces

London dispersion forces

Alkyne Intermolecular Forces

London dispersion forces

Ester Intermolecular Forces

dipole-dipole

Aldehyde Intermolecular Forces

Dipole-dipole

Ketone Intermolecular Forces

Dipole-dipole

Amine Intermolecular Forces

hydrogen bonding

Alchohol Intermolecular Forces

hydrogen bonding

Carboxylic Acid Intermolecular Forces

hydrogen bonding

When branching occurs

Molecules become more spherical, reduces contact surface area and lowers the boiling point

Alkyl Group Suffix

-ANE

Alkene / Alkenyl group

Alkenyl Group Suffix

-ENE

Alkyne / Alkynyl group

Alkynyl Group Suffix

-YNE

Arenes (Aromatic Compounds) / Phenyl group

Phenyl Group Prefix (sub group)

PHENYL-

Phenyl Group Suffix (main chain)

-BENZENE

Halogenoalkanes (Haloalkanes) / Halogeno

Halogeno Prefixes

IODO-

BROMO-

CHLORO-

FLUORO-

Alcohol / Hydroxyl group

Hydroxyl group Suffix

-OL

Phenol group

Phenol group Suffix

-PHENOL

Aldehyde group / Carbonyl group at the end chain

Aldehyde group / Carbonyl group at the end chain Suffix

-AL

Ketone group / Carbonyl group at the middle of a chain

Ketone group / Carbonyl group in middle of chain Suffix

-ONE

Carboxyl Group

Carboxyl Group Suffix

-OIC ACID

Ester Group

Ester Group Suffix

-YL, alcohol

-OATE, acid

Alkoxy Group - Ether Group

Alkoxy Group - Ether Group Suffix

-OXY

-ETHER

Amino Group

Amino Group Suffix

-AMINE

AMINO-, sub group

Amido Group

Amido Group Suffix

-AMIDE

Naming inorganic compounds with covalent bonding

• # same non-metal atoms stated with prefix:

  1. mono

  2. di

  3. tri

• Or with a oxidation number (≈ionic charge)

• Example of both:

  • Sulfur dioxide OR

  • Sulfur(IV)oxide

IONIC BONDING: naming

cation first, anion second

The oxidation staes

1. Hypo- Lowest oxidation states

2. -ite low OS

3. -ate high OS

4. Per- Highest OS

POLYATOMIC IONS

covalent bonded set of two or more atoms

Hydrogen Carbonate

HCO₃^-

Phosphate ion

PO₄^3-

Hydroxide Ion

OH^-

Nitrate Ion

NO₃^-

Sulfate Ion

SO₄^2-

NH₄⁺

Ammonium Ion

CO₃^2-

Carbonate Ion

NH₄⁺

ammonium

H₃O⁺

hydronium / oxonium

NO₃^-

nitrate

OH^-

Hyrdoxide

O₂^2-

Peroxide

CO₃^2-

Carbonate

SO₄^2-

Sulfate/Sulphate

PO₄^3-

Phosphorate

CH₃COO^-

Acetate

Primary

One-R group bonded to the C or N atom

Secondary

Two R-groups bonded to the C or N atom

Tertiary

Three R-groups bonded to the C or N atom

Structural isomers

same molecular formula but a different structural formula

similar chemical properties, but their physical properties may be slightly different

Have three sub groups

Chain isomers

straight chain or branched

Position isomers

Same basic carbon skeleton, but the functional group is located on a different carbon atom

Functional group isomers

Contain different functional groups

Very different chemical and physical properties

Saturated compound

Only contains single bonds

(Poly)Unsaturated compound

Contains double or triple bonds.