HIST100 FINAL FINAL REVIEW

Popular Sovereignty

The principle that a government’s authority comes from the consent of the people.

Proclamation of 1763

British decree restricting colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains to reduce conflict with Native Americans.

Social Contract

Enlightenment idea (e.g., Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau) that governments exist through an agreement with the people to protect rights.

Industrial Revolution

Transition to machine-based manufacturing beginning in the late 18th century, leading to urbanization and new social classes.

Cholera Pandemics

19th-century global outbreaks caused by poor sanitation, highlighting public health issues of industrial cities.

Chartism

British working-class movement demanding political reforms such as universal male suffrage.

Nationalism

Belief that people with shared culture, language, or history should form a sovereign nation.

Manifest Destiny

U.S. belief that westward expansion across North America was justified and inevitable.

Ghost Dance

Native American spiritual movement aimed at restoring indigenous lands and life; suppressed by U.S. authorities.

Imperialism

Policy of extending a nation’s power through conquest, colonization, or economic domination.

Colonialism

Direct control and settlement of foreign territories by imperial powers.

Battle of Adwa (1896)

Ethiopian victory over Italy, preserving Ethiopian independence.

Meiji Restoration

Period of rapid modernization and westernization in Japan beginning in 1868

Abolition

Movement to end slavery.

Emancipation

Legal process of freeing enslaved people.

Wahhabism

Islamic reform movement in Arabia emphasizing strict monotheism.

Mfecane Movement

Period of upheaval and migration in southern Africa caused by conflict and state formation.

Taiping Rebellion

Massive civil war in China (1850–1864) led by a religious movement opposing the Qing dynasty.

Easter Rising (1916)

Irish rebellion against British rule, a key step toward Irish independence.

East India Company

British trading company that became a major colonial power in India.

Social Darwinism

Misapplication of evolutionary theory to justify inequality and imperialism.

Serfdom

System in which peasants were legally bound to land owned by nobles.

Odessa Pogroms

Violent anti-Jewish riots in the Russian Empire.

First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895)

Conflict establishing Japan as a major power and weakening China.

March First Movement

1919 Korean protest movement against Japanese colonial rule.

Boxer Rebellion/Uprising

Anti-foreign, anti-imperialist revolt in China (1899–1901).

Anglo-Boer War

Conflict between the British Empire and Dutch settlers in South Africa.

Maji Maji Revolt/Uprising

African resistance to German colonial rule in East Africa.

Monroe Doctrine

U.S. policy opposing European colonization in the Americas.

Spanish-American War

1898 war marking the U.S. emergence as an imperial power.

Mexican Revolution

Social and political revolution (1910–1920) challenging dictatorship and inequality.

Sarajevo Assassination

Killing of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, triggering World War I.

July Crisis

Diplomatic breakdown following the assassination that led to World War I.

Attrition / Trench Warfare

WWI strategy involving wearing down the enemy through sustained losses.

League of Nations

International organization formed after WWI to promote peace; ultimately ineffective.

Versailles Treaties

Peace settlements ending WWI, imposing harsh penalties on Germany.

Bolsheviks

Revolutionary Marxist faction that seized power in Russia in 1917.

Fascism

Authoritarian, ultranationalist ideology emphasizing state power and obedience.

Second Italo-Ethiopian War

Italian invasion of Ethiopia (1935–1936), showing League of Nations weakness.

New Deal

U.S. government programs addressing the Great Depression.

Nazism

German form of fascism based on racism, antisemitism, and totalitarianism.

Axis Powers

WWII alliance including Germany, Italy, and Japan.

Allied Powers

WWII coalition opposing the Axis, including the U.S., Britain, and the USSR.

Appeasement

Policy of conceding to aggressors to avoid war, notably toward Nazi Germany.

Holocaust

Nazi genocide of six million Jews and other targeted groups.

Kristallnacht

1938 Nazi-organized pogrom against Jews in Germany and Austria.

Killing Centers

Nazi extermination camps designed for mass murder.

Łódź Ghetto

Nazi-controlled Jewish ghetto in occupied Poland.

Pearl Harbor

1941 Japanese attack on the U.S., prompting U.S. entry into WWII.

Internment Camps

U.S. camps detaining Japanese Americans during WWII.

United Nations

International organization founded after WWII to promote peace and cooperation

Cold War

Period of ideological and geopolitical tension between the U.S. and the Soviet Union.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Western military alliance formed in 1949.

Warsaw Pact

Soviet-led military alliance formed in response to NATO.

Thomas Jefferson

Enlightenment thinker and principal author of the U.S. Declaration of Independence; advocated popular sovereignty while owning enslaved people.

King Louis XVI

King of France executed during the French Revolution, symbolizing the fall of absolute monarchy.

Toussaint Louverture

Leader of the Haitian Revolution who organized enslaved people into a powerful revolutionary army.

Mary Wollstonecraft

Enlightenment writer who argued for women’s rights and education in A Vindication of the Rights of Woman.

Olympe de Gouges

French revolutionary feminist who wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Woman; executed during the Terror.

Abigail Adams

Advocate for women’s rights who urged the founders to “remember the ladies.”

Jean-Jacques Dessalines

Leader of the final phase of the Haitian Revolution and first ruler of independent Haiti.

Napoleon Bonaparte

French military leader who spread revolutionary ideals across Europe while ruling as an emperor.

Shaka

Zulu leader who built a powerful African state through military innovation during the Mfecane period.

Tenskwatawa

Shawnee religious leader whose spiritual movement inspired resistance to U.S. expansion.

Roger Casement

Human rights activist who exposed abuses in the Congo Free State under Leopold II.

John Snow

Physician who traced cholera outbreaks to contaminated water, advancing public health science.

Menelik II

Ethiopian emperor who defeated Italy at the Battle of Adwa, preserving independence.

Mutsuhito (Emperor Meiji)

Japanese emperor during the Meiji Restoration, overseeing rapid modernization.

Empress Dowager Cixi

Powerful Qing dynasty ruler who influenced China’s response to internal unrest and foreign pressure.

Leopold II

Belgian king whose brutal rule over the Congo Free State caused millions of deaths.

Queen Liliʻuokalani

Last monarch of Hawaiʻi, overthrown during U.S.-backed annexation.

Emily Davison

British suffragette who became a martyr for women’s voting rights.

Frances Ellen Watkins Harper

African American abolitionist, poet, and women’s rights activist.

Komako Kimura

Japanese feminist who participated in international women’s suffrage movements.

Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti

Nigerian activist who fought colonial taxation and advanced women’s rights.

Vera Brittain

British writer whose work highlighted the human cost of World War I.

Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk)

Founder of modern Turkey who led nationalist reforms after World War I.

Joseph Stalin

Soviet leader who industrialized the USSR through authoritarian rule and purges.

Ala Gertner

Jewish resistance member executed for participating in the Auschwitz uprising.

Elie Wiesel

Holocaust survivor and author who advocated global remembrance and human rights.

Mohandas (Mahatma) Gandhi

Leader of Indian independence through nonviolent resistance.

Mao Zedong

Communist revolutionary who founded the People’s Republic of China.

Patrice Lumumba

First prime minister of independent Congo, assassinated during Cold War tensions.

Nelson Mandela

Anti-apartheid leader and first Black president of South Africa.