P1

1. The image intensifier phosphor is most likely made of

a. NaI

b. PbI

C. LIF

d. CsI

e. Se

2. The II flux gain is most likely

a. 2

b. 5

c. 10

d. 25

e. 50

3. Image intensifier output brightness during fluoroscopy is least influenced by

a. Tube voltage

b. Tube current

c. Exposure time

d. II diameter

e. Phosphor thickness

4. Falloff in brightness at the periphery of a fluoroscopic image is called

a Vignetting

b. Pincushion distortion

c. Barrel distortion

d. S-Wave distortion

e. Edge packing

5. Replacing a TV camera with CCD would likely improve (%) fluoroscopy signal to noise ratio by:

a. 0

b. 25

c. 50

d. 100

e. >100

6. The most likely tube current in fluoroscopy is

a. 3

b. 10

c. 30

d. 100

e. 300

7. Pulsed fluoroscopy would likely acquire image at a rate (frames per seconds) of:

a. 15

b. 30

c. 45

d. 60

e. >60

8. Automatic brightness control (ABC) in fluoroscopy attempts to maintain a constant

a. Tube voltage

b. Tube current

c. Exposure time

d. Patient dose

e. II brightness

9. For constant technique (KV/mA), switching an II from 250 mm to 125 mm input diameter likely increases skin doses (%) by

a. 25

b. 50

c. 100

d. 200

e. 400

10. The tube current (mA) in photospot imaging are most likely

a. 0.3

b. 3

c. 30

d. 300

e. 3,000

11. It is the product of minification gain and the flux gain?

a. Brightness gain

b. flux gain

c. conversion gain

12. It is the number of light photons emitted from the output phosphor compared to number of light photons produced in the input phosphor.

a. Flux gain

b. brightness gain

c. Conversion gain

13. For a 23 - cm image intensifier, a 525 - line TV system provides a spatial resolution of approximately?

a. 1 lp/mm

b. 2 lp/mm

c. 3 lp/mm

a. 1 lp/mm

d. 4 lp/mm

14. For a 23 cm image intensifier, a 1024 -line TV system provides a spatial resolution of?

a. 1 R/min

b. 2 lp/mm

c. 3 lp/mm

d. 4 lp/mm

15. In a fluoroscopic examination an adult has an average ESD of?

a. 1 R/min

b. 4 R/min

c. 2 R/min

d. 6 R/min

16. For interventional radiology procedures, the fluoroscope may be equipped with a high level control, which allows an ESD up to?

a. 100 mGyt/ min

b. 200 mGyt/ min

c. 300 mGyt/ min

d. 400 mGyl/ min

17. These are the following filter materials used to determine the adequacy of any automatic brightness stabilization system except

a. Lucite

b. Aluminum

c. Silver

d. Copper

e. Lead

18. Proper exposure of the cassette spot film depends on the kVp, mAs value, and sensitivity characteristics of the screen-film combination, what is the ESD of an 80 kVp

a. 4.5 mGyt

b. 2.7 mGyt

c. 1.7 mGyt

d. 1.5 mGyt

19. Proper exposure of the cassette spot film depends on the kVp, mAs of the screen-film combination, what is the ESD of an 70 kVp value, and sensitivity characteristics

a. 4.5 mGyt

b. 2.7 mGyt

c. 1.7 mGyt

d. 1.5 mGyt

20. Proper exposure of the cassette spot film depends on the kVp, mAs value, and sensitivity characteristics of the screen-film combination, what is the ESD of an 60 kVp

a. 4.5 mGyt

b. 2.7 mGyt

c. 1.7 mGyt

d. 1.5 mGyt

21. The input exposure rate to the image-Intensifier tube is measured and should be in the range of

a. 0.3 to 0.6 Gya/s

b. 0.1 to 0.4 μGya/s

c. 0.5 to 0.8 μGya/s

d. 0.7 to 1.0 μGya/s

22. The video system used in conventional fluoroscopy is usually a

a. 525 line system

b. 527 line system

c. 529 line system

d. 531 line system

23. It is expressed in frequency (Hz) and describes the number of times per second that the electron beam can be modulated

a. Frame per second

b. Bandpass

c. Lp/mm

d. Vertical retrace

24. Commercial television systems have a bandpass of about 3.5 MHz and those used in fluoroscopy are approximately 4.5 MHz, 1000-line high-resolution systems have a bandpass of approximately

a. 10 MHz

b. 20 MHz

c. 30 MHz

d. 40 MHz

25. The photospot camera uses film sizes of

a. 105 mm

b. 205 mm

c. 305 mm

d. 405 mm

26. Digital fluoroscopy systems must incorporate high-frequency generators with interrogation and extinction times of less than?

a, 1 ms

b. 2 ms

c. 3 ms

d. 4 ms

27. The advantage of flat panel image receptors over CCD Image Intensifiers in digital fluoroscopy except?

a. Distortion free image

b. Constant image quality over the entire image

c. Low detective quantum efficiency at all radiation dose level

d. Rectangular image area coupled to similar image monitor

28. In digital fluoroscopy the TV camera tube reads in

a. Interlaced mode

b. Progressive mode

c. One on one mode

d. Radiographic mode

29. During digital fluoroscopy the x-ray tube operates in the

a. Interlaced mode

b. Progressive mode

c. One on one mode

d. Radiographic mode images.

30. Fluoroscopy was developed so that radiologist could view

a. Static

b. Dynamic

c. Pulse

d. Constant

31. The image intensifier improved fluoroscopy by increasing image

a. Contrast

b. Brightness

c. Spatial

d. Temporal

32. To maintain the same level of brightness, the x-ray tube mA is increased by the ABC, which increases the:

a. Patient radiation dose

b. Potential difference

c. Tube current

d. Video signal

33. The ability of the eye to detect difference in brightness levels is termed

a. Contrast resolution

b. Contrast perception

c. Spatial resolution

d. Spatial perception

34. Under scotopic conditions, the sensitivity of the eye is greatest in the green part of the spectrum at about

a. 553 nm

b. 554 nm

c. 555 nm

d. 556 nm

35. The ___ in the retina are stimulated by ; the _ are stimulated by ___.

a. Cones, bright light; rods low light

b. Rods, low light; cones, bright light

c. Cornea, low light; retina, bright light

d. Rods, bright light; cones, low light

36. The cones are concentrated at the center of the retina in an area called.

a. retina

b. fovea centralis

c. cones

d. cornea

37. The rods are sensitive to low light levels and are stimulated during dim light situations. The threshold for rod vision is

a. approximately 1 lux

b. approximately 2 lux

c. approximately 3 lux

d. approximately 4 lux

38. Cones, on the other hand, are less sensitive to light; their threshold is only

a. approximately 100 lux

b. approximately 100 lux

c. approximately 100 lux

d. approximately 100 lux

39. with image intensification the light level is raised to

a. scotopic vision

b. contrast perception

c. visual acuity

d. photopic vision

40. x-ray that exit the patient and enter the image intensifier first interact with the

a. output phosphor

b. photocathode

c. signal plate

d. CCD

41. This are the advantages of the charge couple devices for medical imaging except?

a, Low SNR

b. Linear response

c. High DQE

d. No maintenance

42. It is an electronic device that receives the image - formation x-ray beam and converts it into visible light image of high intensity?

a. X-ray tube

b. Image - intensifier

c. Glass envelope

d. Transistor

43. In 1896 a scientist who invented the fluoroscope that is very valuable tool in medical Imaging that is used primary for dynamic studies?

a. Thomas A. Edison

b. Marie Curie

c. Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen

d. Perrie Curie

44. X-rays that exit the patient and are incident on the image intensifier tube are transmitted through the glass envelop and interact with the input phosphor. Identify the active element in the input phosphor?

a. Cellulose triacetate

b, Cesium iodide

c. Zinc cadmium sulfide

d. Charge couple device

45. A potential difference of about is maintained across the tube between photocathode and

anode so that electron produced by photoemission will be accelerated to the anode?

a. 2,500 Voltage

b. 2.5 kilovoltage

c. 25 kilovoltage

d. 25 voltage

46. For the image pattern to be accurate, the electron path from the photocathode to the output phosphor must be precise. The engineering aspects of maintaining proper electron travel are called?

a. Brightness gain

b. Electron optics

c. Focal point

d. anode

47. The ratio of the number of light photons at the output phosphor to the number of x-ray at the input phosphor is the?

a. Brightness gain

b. Flux gain

c. Minification gain

d. Conversion factor

48. The increased illumination of the image is attributable to the multiplication of light photons at the output phosphor compared with x-ray at the input phosphor and the image minification from input phosphor to output phosphor?

a. Brightness gain

b. Flux gain

c. Minification gain

d. Conversion factor

49. It is the ratio of the square of the diameter of the input phosphor to the square of the diameter of the output phosphor?

a. Brightness gain

b. Flux gain

c. Minification gain

d. Conversion factor

50. In a vidicon television camera tube, the target assembly consists of 3 layers that are sandwiched together. One of it is the thin part of the glass envelope

a. Window

b. Signal plate

c. Target

d. Steering coils

51. It is a major change from conventional fluoroscopy to digital fluoroscopy is the use of this device instead of television camera tube?

a. DQE

b. ABS

c. CCD

d. SNR

52. This is essential for reducing patient radiation dose and should be routinely used?

a. Pulse interrogation fluoroscopy.

b. Pulse extinction fluoroscopy.

c. Pulse progressive fluoroscopy.

d. Pulse duty fluoroscopy

53. The concept of spatial resolution is measured in?

a. Line pairs per millimeter

b. Sigmoid pairs per millimeter

c. Straight pairs per millimeter

d. Linear pairs per millimeter

54. Cones, on the other hand, are less sensitive to light; their threshold is only approximately 100 lux, but cones are capable of responding to intense light levels, cones are used primarily for daylight vision called?

a Photopic vision

b. Photoemission

c. Visual acuity

d. Ectopic vision

55. Fluoroscopic equipment allows the radiologist to select an image brightness level that is subsequently maintained automatically by varying the KVp, the mA, or sometimes both. This feature of the fluoroscope is called

a. Bucky slot

b. ABC

c. ADC

d. CCD

56. It is the ability to perceive fine details

a. Photopic vision

b. Visual acuity

c. Photoemission

d. Spatial acuity

57. ___ is actually a rather routine type of x-ray examination except for its application in the visualization of vessels, called angiography

a. neuroradiography

b. Doppler ultrasound

c. Fluoroscopy

d. vascular radiography

58. Television camera tube that is used most often in television fluoroscopy

a. CCD

b. FPIR

C. II

d. Vidicon

59. An electron emission after light stimulation

a. Thermionic emission

b. Photoemission

c. Visible light emission

d. Red laser

60. It is the site where accelerated electrons interact and produce light, and made of zinc cadmium sulfide

a. Input phosphor

b. Output phosphor

c. Anode

d. Input screen

61. A circular plate with a hole in the middle through which electrons pass to the output phosphor

a. Input phosphor

b. Output phosphor

c. Anode

d. Input screen

62. A structure that maintain a vacuum and provide mechanical support for the internal elements

a. Glass envelope

b. TV camera

c. Vidicon

d. CCD

63. X-ray that exit the patient and are incident on the image intensifier tube are transmitted through the glass envelope and interact to a material of CsI

a. Input phosphor

b. Output phosphor

c. Anode

d. Input screen

64. It is a thin layer of antimony and cesium that emits electrons when struck by a visible light

a. Input phosphor

b. Output phosphor

c. Photocathode

d. Input screen

65. In a vidicon television camera tube specifically in the target assembly identify this part that is located inside of the window, it should be thin enough to transmit light yet thick enough to efficiently conduct electricity?

a. Window

b. Signal plate

c. Target

d. Steering coils

66. The output phosphor is the site where electrons interact and produce light and it is a circular with a hole in the middle through which electrons pass to the output phosphor and it is usually what kind of element?

a. Zinc aluminum sulfide

b. Zinc cadmium sulfide

c. Fluorouracil sulfide

d. Trisulfide iodide

67. What is the significant advantage of television monitoring that can be controlled electronically

a. Spatial resolution

b. Resolution

c. Contrast

d. Temporal resolution

68. Video monitoring uses a rate of how many frames per second?

a. 29

b. 30

c. 31

d. 32

69. Radiographs are visualized under Illumination levels of

a. 100 to 1000 lux

b. 101 to 1000 lux

c. 100 to 1000 candela/meter squared

d. 101 to 1000 candela/meter squared

70. It is an electronic device that receives the image formation x-ray beam and converts it into visible light image of high intensity?

a. X-ray tube

b. Image intensifier

c. Glass envelope

d. Transistor

71. The photocathode emits electrons when illuminated by the____?

a. Focal point

b. Input phosphor

c. Output phosphor

d. Electrostatic lenses

72. A device that converts the light signal from the output phosphor to an electronic signal?

a. CCD

b. Electrostatic lenses

c. Input phosphor

d. Output phosphor

73. Image intensifiers have conversion factors of 50 to 300. These correspond to brightness gains of

a. 5000 to 30,000

b. 5001 to 30,000

c. 5002 to 30,000

d. 5003 to 30,000

74. Output phosphor size is fairly standard at

a. 1.5 or 5 cm

b. 2.5 or 5 cm

c. 3.5 or 5 cm

d. 4.5 or 5 cm

75. Input phosphor size varies from cm and is used to identify image- intensifier tubes.

a. 5 to 20 cm

b. 10 to 40 cm

c. 15 to 60 cm

d. 20 to 80 cm

76. The brightness gain of most image intensifiers is 5000 to 30,000, and it decreases with

a. Constant exposure

b. tube age and use

c. handling

d. setting high technique factors

77. It is the proper quantity for expressing image intensification

a. Brightness gain

b. Flux gain

c. Minification gain

d. Conversion factor

78. Internal scatter radiation in the form of x-rays, electrons, and particularly light can reduce the contrast of image intensifiers through a process called

a. Pincushion distortion

b. Veiling glare

c. Magnification

d. Minification

79. The digital fluoroscopic image receptor has alternatives

a. Tv camera

b. Vidicon

c. Flat panel

d. Silicon

80. The progressive mode of reading the digital signal produces a

a. sharper image with less flicker

b. blunt image with high flicker

c. sharper image

d. less flicker

81. A very small electric current that always flowing in any circuit, this is called

a. Background noise

b. background electronic noise

c. signal noise

d. noise

82. This device accepts the continuously varying signal-the analog signal-and digitizes it

a. CCD

b. FPID

c. ADC

d. ABC

83. ___ is rapidly replacing the cathode ray tube in all applications

a. CCD

b. FPID

c. ADC

d. ABC

84. It is similar to the noise (fog) on a radiograph in that it conveys no information and serves only to obscure the electronic signal and reduce

a. image spatial

b. image quality

c. Temporal resolution

d. Image contrast

85. All analog electronic devices are inherently

a. Noise

b. High DQE

c. Better spatial

d. Better contrast

86. A mode wherein two flelds of 262 1/2 lines were read individually in 1/60 s (17 ms) to form a 525-line video frame in 1/30 s (33 ms)

a. One on one mode

b. Radiographic mode

c. Interlaced mode

d. Progressive mode

87. The principal advantage of CCDS in most applications, such as a digital camera, is their small size and

a. Unlimited life

b. Ruggedness

c. High SNR

d. No maintenance

88. The spatial resolution of a CCD is determined by its physical size and

a. Pixel count

b. Matrix size

c. Field of view size

d. Tube current

89. Systems that incorporate a 1024 matrix can produce Images with

a. 7 Ip/mm spatial resolution

b. 8 lp/mm spatial resolution

c. 9 lp/mm spatial resolution

d. 10 lp/mm spatial resolution

90. Television camera tubes can show spatial distortion in what is described as pin cushion or

a. distortion

b. barrel artifact

c. motion artifact

d. noise artifact

91. These are the advantages of the charge couple devices for medical imaging except?

a. Low SNR

b. Linear response

c. High DQE

d. No maintenance

92. It is an electronic device that receives the image - formation x-ray beam and converts it into visible light image of high intensity?

a. X-ray tube

b. Image intensifier

c. Glass envelope

d. Transistor

93. The photocathode emits electrons when illuminated by the

a. Focal point

b. Input phosphor

c. Output phosphor

d. Electrostatic lenses

94. A potential difference of about is maintained across the tube between photocathode and anode so that electrons produced by photoemission will be accelerated to the anode?

a. 2,500 Voltage

b. 2.5 kilovoltage

c. 25 kilovoltage

d. 25 voltage

95. The output phosphor is the site where electrons interact and produce light and it is a circular with a hole in the middle through which electrons pass to the output phosphor and it is usually what kind of element?

a. Zinc aluminum sulfide

b. Zinc cadmium sulfide

c. Fluorouracil sulfide

d. Trisulfide iodide

96. The ratio of the number of light photons at the output phosphor to the number of x-ray at the input phosphor is the?

a. Brightness gain

b. Flux gain

c. Minification gain

d. Conversion factor

97. The increased illumination of the image is attributable to the multiplication of light photons at the output phosphor compared with x-ray at the input phosphor and the image minification from input phosphor to output phosphor?

a. Brightness gain

b. Flux gain

c. Minification gain

d. Conversion factor

98. In a vidicon television camera tube specifically in the target assembly identify this part that is located inside of the window, it should be thin enough to transmit light yet thick enough to efficiently conduct electricity?

a. Window

b. Signal plate

c. Target

d. Steering coils

99. It is a major change from conventional fluoroscopy to digital fluoroscopy is the use of this device instead of television camera tube?

a. DQE

b. ABS

c. CCD

d. SNR

100. The image intensifier phosphor is most likely made of

a. NaI

b. PbI

c. LiF

d. Cal

e. Se