module 3 (plant cells)

Cells

smallest living unit

Robert Hooke

discovered cells from cork

* all biological organisms are composed of cells
* cells are the basic unit of life
* all life comes from pre-existing cells

cell theory

* Matthias Schleiden
* Theodor Schwann
* Rudolf Virchow

developers of cell theory

Matthias Schleiden (1838)

he stated that all plants composed of cells

Theodore Schwann (1839)

he stated that all animals are also composed of cells - thus claimed all living things composed of cells

Rudolf Virchow (1858)

he stated that all cells come from pre-existing cells

cytology

study of the structure and function of cells

lysosomes and centrioles

parts found only in animal cells

 chloroplast, cell wall and a vacuole.

parts found only in plant cells

Plant cell

basic building block of plant life

true

eukaryotic cells have ______ nucleus

cell wall

outermost part of the plant cell

cellulose

main component of cell wall

Lignin, Suberin, Cutin

cell wall is compose of cellulose and other substances like ______.

cellulose

a structural carbohydrate and considered a complex sugar because it is used in both protection and structure

cytoplasm

“cell jello“

cytoplasm

present within the cell membrane of all cell types and contains all organelles and cell parts

cytoplasm

responsible for giving a cell its shape and most chemical processes take place here

cytoskeleton

“framework“

cytoskeleton

involved in the movement within the cell

cytoskeleton

maintains cell shape and help in internal movement and motility

protein tubulin

what is microtubules made up

G-actin protein

what is microfilaments made up

microtubules

large tubular structures composed of the protein tubulin

microtubules

move chromosomes during cell division (spindle fibers)

microbodies

small, spherical organelles with specialized enzyme & are bound by single membrane

* peroxisomes
* glyoxisome
* lysosomes

types of microbodies

peroxisome

a membrane-bound packets of oxidative enzyme

peroxisome

contain enzymes needed by plants to survive during hot conditions

photorespiration

peroxisomes contain enzymes needed by plants to survive during hot conditions (process is called ______)

glyoxisome

it convert the fatty acids to sugar as fuel for respiration

seed germination

example of glyoxisome

endoplasmic reticulum

system of membrane-bound channels visible only under the electron microscope

endoplasmic reticulum

transport materials within the cell

endoplasmic reticulum

connected with the outer membrane of the nucleus

smooth RE

where lipid secretion/storage/synthesis are synthesized

rough ER

involved in protein synthesis

ribosomes

these are dense granules present in the cytoplasm involves in protein synthesis

cytosol

where is ribosomes located when it is “free“

cristae

inside folds of mitochondria

mitochondria

double layered organelle of the plant cell

mitochondria

its main function is to perform cellular respiration and to regulate cellular metabolism

plastids

rounded, oval, or irregularly shaped protoplasmic bodies which are three main types

grana

found within the chloroplast formed from membranes like a stack of coins

chlorophyll

where the 1st steps of photosynthesis happen

chloroplast

green plastids

leucoplast

colorless plastids

amyloplast

involvd in the storage of strarch

elaioplast

involved in the storage of oil (or fats)

aleuroplast

air storage of proteins

golgi bodies

“dictyosomes“

golgi bodies

composed of circular, flattened vesicles of cisternae aligned in sacks

golgi bodies

“packaging of proteins” areas, transport of substances to and from the cell

Camilo Golgi (1898)

he discovered golgi bodies

cell membrane

also known as plasma membrane

cell membrane

selectively permeable which regulates the entrance and exit of substances in a cell

cell membrane

its basic function is to protect the cell from it surroundings

plasmodesma

it has holes all over the cell wall which allows the nutrients to enter the cell and also allows the waste to exit the cell

plasmodesma

tiny strands of cytoplasm thread that connects and extends between cell openings

plasmodesma

chemical communication

nucleus

structure that stores DNA and acts as a cell’s command center

nucleus

surrounded by the nuclear envelope and is filled with nucleoplasm

nuclear envelop, nucleoplasm

nucleus is surrounded by the _____ and is filled with __________

nuclear envelope

contains nuclear pores which allow molecules with the appropriate nuclear import and export signals in and out of the nucleus

nucleoplasm (or nuclear sap)

the fluid portion of the nucleus

chromatin

darkly staining material suspended within the nucleoplasm

chromatin

portion of the chromosome visible only when the cell is dividing

chromosomes

contain chromatin strands

chromosomes

contain the “genes” that determines the hereditary characteristics of the cell

chromosome

controls the activity of the cell

vacuole

filled with aqueous solutions containing various dissolved substances

tonoplast

other term of vacuolar membrane

vacuole

useful for maintaining cell structure and water balance

vacuole

used for the storage of waste and food

vacuus

vacuole is from the word ____ meaning empty

cell sap

fluid portion of the vacuole

cell sap

slightly acidic, vacuole also contains sugar, organic acids, and soluble proteins

rhoeo discolor

bangka-bangkaan

monocot

dumbell

dicot

kidney shape

stomata

are dotted tiny opening or pore that is used for gas exchange

stomata

they are mostly found on the under-surface of plant leaves (or sometimes upper) which allows entry of CO2 and the diffusion of of O2

guard cells

control water loss when it inflate or deflate. by opening or closing of pores

chlorophyll

(found in chloroplast) green color of the upper surface (?)

anthocyanin

(found in vacuole) purple color.

* cell wall
* cytoplasm
* microtubules
* microbodies (lysosomes/peroxisome/glyoxisome)

plant cell structures

* endoplasmic reticulum
* ribosomes
* golgi bodies
* plastids
* cell membrane
* plasmodesma

cytoplasmic structure

* nuclear envelope
* nuclear sap
* chromatin
* chromosomes
* nucleolus

structures of nucleus

* vacuole
* cell sap
* stomata
* guard cell

inclusion bodies

cell division

the process in which one cell, called the parent cell, divides to form two cells, referred to as daughter cells

prokaryotic cells

have a single circular chromosome, no nucleus, and few other organelles

eukaryotic cells

have multiple chromosomes contained within a nucleus

1. interphase
2. mitosis

2 divisions of cell cycle

interphase

a period in which chromosomes are not visible with light microscope

living cells are not dividing

1. G1
2. S-Synthesis
3. G2

3 intervals of interphase

S-synthesis

(interphase) where DNA replication takes place

G1

(interphase) lengthy period after the nucleus divides; RNA are ribosomes are produced & cell increase in size

G2

(interphase) mitochondria & other organelles divide '; microtubules are produced; coiling & condensation of chromosomes begin

meristem

location of mitosis