gastro final practice q's

The mesentery that is located on the ventral surface of the liver and attached to the abdominal wall is known as:

a. Cystic ligament

b. Coronal ligament

c. Inguinal ligament

d. Falciform ligament

Falciform ligament

Which one of the following arteries does NOT get supplied by the celiac trunk?

a. Cystic artery

b. Right gastroduodenal artery

c. Ileocolic artery

d. Pancreaticoduodenal artery

Ileocolic artery

Which enzyme is responsible for converting biliverdin to bilirubin?

a. Biliverdin oxygenase

b. Biliverdin reductase

c. Heme oxygenase

d. Glucuronic acid

Biliverdin reductase

Which one of the following is the greatest cause of liver cirrhosis?

a. Viral hepatitis

b. Fatty liver

c. Biliary disease

d. Alcoholic liver disease

Alcoholic liver disease

The bile ducts secrete _____ which is added to the bile from the liver?

a. Peptic enzymes

b. Sodium bicarbonate

c. HCl

d. CCK

CCK

There are several post-hepatic causes for developing portal hypertension. Which one of the following is NOT post-hepatic?

a. Constrictive pericarditis

b. Right sided heart failure

c. Cirrhosis

d. Hepatic vein malignancy

Cirrhosis

Which one of the following cells in the liver is responsible for detecting and dealing with bacteria found in the blood that flows through the liver?

a. Hepatocyte

b. Kupffer cell

c. Endothelial cell

d. Stellate cell

Kupffer cell

What is the name of that space in the previous question in which blood flows?

a. Sinusoid

b. Canal of Hering

c. Space of Dat

d. Space of Disse

Sinusoid

What is it called when the skin turns yellow from a disease of the liver?

a. Minionosis

b. Jaundice

c. Yellowitis

d. Hyperlipidemia

Jaundice

Which one of the following is responsible for production of glucagon?

a. Acinar cells

b. Alpha cells

c. Beta cells

d. Delta cells

Alpha cells

Jaundice develops when the equilibrium of production and secretion of bilirubin is disturbed. Which one of the following is NOT a mechanism for jaundice?

a. Excessive production of cholesterol

b. Reduced hepatocyte uptake

c. Impaired conjugation

d. Impaired bile flow

Excessive production of cholesterol

Which artery would directly supply the small curvature of the stomach proximal to the pylorus?

a. Right gastroepiploic artery

b. Common hepatic artery

c. Gastroduodenal artery

d. Right gastric artery

Right gastric artery

Which of the following disorders is described as a twisting of a segment of the tract?

a. Intussusception

b. Volvulus

c. Inguinal Hernia

d. Adhesion

Volvulus

Where does the transformation of non-carbohydrates sources (amino acids) of intermediates for the citric acid cycle occur?

a. Stomach

b. Duodenum

c. Liver

d. Ileum

Liver

CCK stimulates the secretion of _____ from the ____?

a. Bicarbonate; pancreatic ducts

b. Bile; gallbladder

c. Saliva; parotid gland

d. Acid; parietal cells

Bile; gallbladder

Bile is a very important component of digestion. Which one of the following statements is NOT correct?

a. Bile serves as a means to excrete waste products from the liver

b. Bile is produced in the pancreas and stored in the gallbladder

c. Bile helps to emulsify fats in the duodenum

d. Bile contains salts which help produce micelle

Bile is produced in the pancreas and stored in the gallbladder

All of the following functions are of the liver EXCEPT

a. Produces bile for excretion

b. Detoxification the body of toxins

c. It releases a hormone which causes the stomach to release acid

d. It produces lymph

It releases a hormone which causes the stomach to release acid

If a large section of the small intestine were diseased by Crohn's, especially the duodenum, GI function would be inhibited. Which one of the following is true?

a. Absorption of vitamin B12 would not be affected

b. Full pancreatic activity would remain unaffected

c. Full gallbladder activity would remain unaffected

d. Digestion of fats, proteins and carbohydrates would be decreased

Absorption of vitamin B12 would not be affected

Which hormone stimulates the pancreas to produce enzymes

a. Secretin

b. Gastrin

c. Chymotrypsin

d. Cholecystokinin

Cholecystokinin

Which artery is a branch of the splenic artery?

a. Common hepatic artery

b. Left gastroepiploic artery

c. Gastroduodenal artery

d. Left gastric artery

Left gastroepiploic artery

Which hormone causes secretion of the ducts in the liver?

a. Gastrin

b. CCK

c. Secretin

d. ACh

Secretin

If someone has had their gallbladder removed they have to eliminate fat from their diet, T/F?

a. True

b. False

False

Hepatic steatosis will cause the liver to be softer and larger, T/F?

a. True

b. False

True

The liver stores in varying quantities vitamins A, D, E, K and B12; T/F?

a. True

b. False

True

If describing the liver by a structural basis, the smallest unit is a lobule, T/F?

a. True

b. False

True

The common hepatic artery supplies the liver, GB and part of the stomach; T/F?

a. True

b. False

True

If you drink 80g of more of alcohol within a brief period of time you will develop liver cirrhosis, T/F?

a. True

b. False

False

Fiber in the diet is important for many reasons. One of which is that wastes are eliminated more efficiently, T/F?

a. True

b. False

True

The cell responsible for initiating/directing an inflammatory reaction in the liver is the Kupffer cell, T/F?

a. True

b. False

True

In class we discussed major consequences of hepatic portal hypertension. Which one of the following was not a stated consequences?

a. Congestive splenomegaly

b. Ascites

c. Diarrhea

d. Hepatic encephalopathy

Diarrhea

The hepatitis A virus is a DNA virus that is spread through fecal-oral transmission, T/F?

a. True

b. False

False

For jaundice to develop the equilibrium of production and excretion of bilirubin is disrupted. Which one of the following factors produces jaundice?

a. Excessive cholesterol

b. Decreased albumin

c. Increased carbohydrate ingestion

d. Impaired conjugation

Impaired conjugation

Where in the body does bilirubin get converted into urobilinogen?

a. Pancreas

b. Intestines

c. Gallbladder

d. Liver

Intestines

Alcoholic hepatitis caused by chronic excessive alcohol consumption makes the liver larger and more yellow, but is reversible if consumption is discontinued, T/F?

a. True

b. False

False

A cause of posthepatic portal hypertension is right-sided heart failure, T/F?

a. True

b. False

True

What is the most common cause of liver cirrhosis?

a. Chronic hepatitis B infection

b. Alcoholism

c. Autoimmune hepatitis

d. Wilson's disease

Alcoholism

Select all that apply to cholesterol stones that can develop on the gallbladder.

a. Seen more in Europe

b. Obesity

c. Advancing Age

d. Female Sex Hormones

e. Oral Contraceptives

f. Pregnancy

g. Rapid Weight Reduction

h. Yellow in color due to biliary infection

i. Due to biliary infection

-Seen more in Europe

-Obesity

-Advancing Age

-Female Sex Hormones

-Oral Contraceptives

-Pregnancy

-Rapid Weight Reduction

Which of the following veins does not connect to the portal vein?

a. Hepatic vein

b. Splenic vein

c. Inferior mesenteric vein

d. Superior mesenteric vein

Hepatic vein

Which hormones cause the sphincter of oddi to relax and allow bile to enter the small intestine?

a. Glucagon

b. Secretin

c. CCK

d. Insulin

CCK

Select all that are correct with respect to the liver.

a. Blood travels through sinusoids that have Kupffer cells within the liver

b. At each of six corners there is a hepatic arteriole portal venule and a bile duct

c. The stellate cells are found along the hepatocytes to produce bile

d. The liver is formed of thousands of units called acini

-Blood travels through sinusoids that have Kupffer cells within the liver

-At each of six corners there is a hepatic arteriole portal venule and a bile duct

Which ligament connects the liver to the abdominal wall?

a. Coronal

b. Falciform

c. Round ligament

d. Greater omentum

Falciform

Which of the following ligaments attaches the liver to the diaphragm?

a. Coronal ligament

b. Triangular ligament

c. Inguinal ligament

d. Falciform

-Coronal ligament

-Triangular ligament

One of the liver's function is to detoxify the body. This is performed by adding cholesterol to the toxic for transportation to the intestines, T/F?

a. True

b. False

False

The bile produced by the liver is transported from hepatocytes to the bile ducts through the space of disse, T/F?

a. True

b. False

False

The liver is supplied by both hepatic portal veins and the hepatic artery, T/F?

a. True

b. False

True

Which of the following arteries would supply blood to the antrum of the stomach close to the pyloric sphincter?

a. Proper hepatic artery

b. Splenic artery

c. Left gastric artery

d. Right gastric artery

Right gastric artery

Select all the ducts listed which would transport bile from the liver to the gallbladder?

a. Left hepatic duct

b. Right hepatic duct

c. Common hepatic duct

d. Common bile duct

-Left hepatic duct

-Right hepatic duct

-Common hepatic duct

Glucagon is a potent hormone responsible for releasing glucose into the bloodstream by the action it has on the pancreas, T/F?

a. True

b. False

True

The liver is drained by the hepatic portal vein, T/F?

a. True

b. False

False

Which one of the statements is correct with respect to bile?

a. Bile salts digest fat

b. Bile is stores in the pancreas when not immediately needed

c. Bile salts are reabsorbed at the ilium

d. Bile is an acidic solution that emulsifies fat

Bile salts are reabsorbed at the ilium

Select all the options that would be characteristics of Crohn's disease. Pick all that apply.

a. Pseudopolyps

b. Polyarthritis

c. Transmural involvement

d. Mesentery Granular and Gray with Fat

-Polyarthritis

-Transmural involvement

-Mesentery Granular and Gray with Fat

Tropical sprue is a condition that occurs due to an infection of the intestine causing malabsorption, T/F?

a. True

b. False

True

Which of the following helps to absorb fructose from the lumen into the enterocyte?

a. GLUT 4

b. SGLT 1

c. GLUT 2

d. GLUT 5

GLUT 5

What is the name of the condition that is described as having a remnant of the vitelline duct?

a. Vitelline fistula

b. Meckel's diverticulum

c. Enterocystoma

d. Umbilical sinus

Meckel's diverticulum

Pick the correct statement involving the process of elimination through a bowel movement?

a. The sympathetic nervous system helps to regulate a bowel movement

b. The internal anal sphincter will relax when contents accumulate in the rectum

c. Two of the statements are correct

d. The pudendal nerve will cause a relaxation of the internal anal sphincter

The internal anal sphincter will relax when contents accumulate in the rectum

Select which statement correctly identifies with colorectal carcinoma.

a. Peak incidence is between the 2nd and 3rd decade of life

b. Excessive dietary fiber is a risk factor

c. Two options are correct

d. Blood in the stool would be observed

Blood in the stool would be observed

Ulcerative colitis is a disease that is usually seen between the 2nd and 3rd decade of life and causes relapsing attacks of bloody mucoid diarrhea, T/F?

a. True

b. False

True

Pick the correct statement that describes Hirschsprung's disease?

a. Part of the tract does not have the myenteric or submucosal nerve plexus

b. It will cause a narrowing of the intestinal tract

c. It is a congenital aganglionosis of the ileum

d. It can be caused by inflammatory bowel disease

Part of the tract does not have the myenteric or submucosal nerve plexus

By which process of polyp formation is be due to a cancerous change in the cells that could possibly causes a life threatening condition?

a. Proliferation

b. Inflammation

c. Abnormal mucosal maturation

d. Architecture

Proliferation

Sodium is actively pumped out of the enterocyte to help with absorption of chloride, T/F?

a. True

b. False

True

IBS is a condition that will cause diarrhea and constipation due to the destruction of the epithelial membrane, T/F?

a. True

b. False

False

Potassium moves across intestinal lumen by simple diffusion in response to osmotic gradient

a. True

b. False

True

Which one of the following will enhance the movement/contractions that occur in the small intestine?

a. Serotonin

b. Somatostatin

c. Secretin

d. Glucagon

Serotonin

Intrinsic factor secreted by the chief cells is essential for vitamin B12, T/F?

a. True

b. False

False

All of the following are found on the villi of the intestinal tract except:

a. Crypts of lieberkuhn

b. Absorptive columnar cells

c. Intraepithelial lymphocytes

d. Goblet cells

Crypts of lieberkuhn

Trypsin that was released in the stomach is an enzyme responsible for the digestion for proteins, T/F?

a. True

b. False

False

Which one of the following statements is correct with respect to fat digestion?

a. A micelle transports elements of fat digestion to the epithelial layer of the intestine

b. Most of the digestion of fat takes place in the stomach

c. Bile salts released by the liver chemically breakdown the bonds of a triglyceride

d. Two of the statements are correct

Two of the statements are correct

Which one of the following statements is incorrect with respect to Peutz-Jeghers polyps?

a. There may be brown or gray spots on the lips or gums

b. Can cause singular or multiple polyps

c. These polyps involve the external layers of the alimentary tract

d. Will increase the risk of developing cancer

These polyps involve the external layers of the alimentary tract

The parietal cell of the gastric gland produces HCL and intrinsic factor, T/F?

a. True

b. False

True

The only factors that produce inhibition for stomach activity are hormones by the digestive tract.

a. True

b. False

False

The parotid gland is a salivary gland that is found anterior to the ear and secretes serous saliva, T/F?

a. True

b. False

True

Select all of the options that correctly describe Barrett's esophagus

a. This condition can be a consequence to chronic GERD

b. Barretts is a pre-cancerous condition

c. It is a condition that is described as having pseudopolyps

d. It occurs in the lower third of the stomach

-This condition can be a consequence to chronic GERD

-Barretts is a pre-cancerous condition

Select all of the stimulators of parietal cell function. Pick all that apply

a. Acetocholine

b. Gastrin

c. Histamine

d. Somatostatin

-Acetocholine

-Gastrin

-Histamine

Which one of the following is correct with respect to achlorhydria?

a. Reduced secretions of duodenal hormones

b. Less susceptible to GI infections

c. Two of the options are correct

d. Poor absorption of chloride

Reduced secretions of duodenal hormones

Which mesentery suspends the jejunum in the abdominal cavity?

a. Middle mesentery

b. Mesentery proper

c. Greater omentum

d. Transverse mesocolon

Mesentery proper

Select all of the risk factors for developing gastritis

a. A patient that has been diagnosed as having H.pylori

b. A person suffering with a hiatal hernia

c. A chronic pain patient taking NSAIDS for their pain

d. A typical american diet with low fiber

-A patient that has been diagnosed as having H.pylori

-A chronic pain patient taking NSAIDS for their pain

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is due to gastrinomas which produce large amounts of gastrin causing excessive production of acid in the stomach which then results in many ulcerations, T/F?

a. True

b. False

True

Sign or symptom for gastritis as discussed in class?

a. Upset stomach

b. Yellowing of the skin

c. Blood stained stool

d. Pain of the left upper quadrant

-Upset stomach

-Pain of the left upper quadrant

Select the areas where peptic ulcers are most commonly found

a. Duodenum

b. Stomach

c. Esophagus

d. Descending colon

-Duodenum

-Stomach

The enteroendocrine cells of the stomach produce secretin and CCK to control digestion, T/F?

a. True

b. False

False

The epiglottis swings down to cover the esophagus during the pharyngeal phase of swallowing, T/F?

a. True

b. False

False

Mallory-weiss syndrome is a laceration of the esophagus/stomach junction due to severe retching, T/F?

a. True

b. False

True

The rolling hernia is the most common and occurs when the cardia of the stomach moves superiorly to the diaphragm

a. True

b. False

False

Which of the following symptoms does one have if they have achalasia?

a. Indigestion

b. Diarrhea

c. Two options correct

d. Dysphagia

Dysphagia

What is the name of the action the stomach undergoes when there is a bolus traveling down the esophagus?

a. Receptive relaxation

b. Pyloric pump

c. Constrictor wave contraction

d. Adaptive relaxation

Receptive relaxation

Amylase from the salivary glands continues to digest carbohydrates in the stomach for up to an hour, T/F?

a. True

b. False

False

What is the name of the lymphoid follicles found within the small intestine?

a. Peyer's patches

b. Islets of langerhans

c. Crypts of lieberkuhn

d. None of the options

Peyer's patches

Select all the enzymes that will help digest carbohydrates in the small intestine.

a. Amylase

b. Alpha-dextrinase

c. Lactase

d. Glucoamylase

-Amylase

-Alpha-dextrinase

-Lactase

-Glucoamylase

Select all of the branches that are seen coming off the superior mesenteric artery.

a. Right colic artery

b. Intestinal artery

c. Left colic artery

d. Right gastric artery

-Right colic artery

-Intestinal artery

What type of intestinal obstruction could cause an internal hernia?

a. Achalasia

b. Adhesion

c. Volvulus

d. Intussussception

Adhesion

Where are the components of fat digestion converted into a new triglyceride within the enterocyte?

a. Hepatocytes

b. Golgi apparatus

c. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

d. Micelle

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

What transports fats back to the liver?

a. HDL

b. LDL

c. Chylomicron

d. VLDL

HDL

Which one of the hepatitis causing viruses leads to the greatest percentage of chronic inflammation?

a. HDV

b. HBV

c. HAV

d. HCV

HCV

Liver cirrhosis tends to cause resistance of blood flow through the liver, T/F?

a. True

b. False

True

Hepatitis D virus is replication defective and needs to have the B virus present for continued survival, T/F?

a. True

b. False

True

The urobilinogen in the intestines will stay there to be eliminated as stericobilln or absorbed in the blood and excreted by the kidneys as urobilin, T/F?

a. True

b. False

True

A cause of portal hypertension is right-sided heart failure, T/F?

a. True

b. False

True

All of the following are several types of cysts, except?

a. Serous cystadenomas

b. Mucinous

c. Intraductal papillary mucinous

d. Primary acinar

Primary acinar

In the U.S. 65% of pancreatitis patients are due to excessive alcohol, T/F?

a. True

b. False

True

Digestive enzymes are secreted by pancreatic acini, and bicarbonate are secreted by the ductules from acini, T/F?

a. True

b. False

True