SHS 170 EXAM 1

communication

an exchange of meaning between a sender and a reciever

language

meaning exchanged via a code used to convey ideas and feelings; standard set of sounds or letters

impairment

any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological or anatomic structure or function (not terrible)

disability

refers to a reduced competence in meeting daily living needs; not able to perform a life activity

communication disorder

refers to any communication structure or function that is diminished to a significant degree; interferes with the exchange of meaning

communication difference

communication abilities that differ from those in the mainstream culture; not impairment (english as a second language)

functional disorder

disorder with no clear physical cause

developmental disorders

delays in speech and language development that occur early in the maturation of an individual and may continue into adulthood

acquired disorder

speech and language disorders resulting from brain trauma following an accident or stroke (after communication skills are developed) (stroke, trauma)

congenital disorder

individuals born with a condition such as deafness

speech sound disorder

problems producing speech sounds correctly as a result of difference in anatomical structure, physiological function, or learning (the vs da)

fluency disorder

unusual interruptions in the flow of speaking that involves smoothness, rate, and effort (stuttering)

phonatory disorders

abnormalities in vocal fold vibration that yield changes in loudness, pitch, or quality

psychogenic disorders

voice quality that is impacted by psychological stress

bilateral hearing loss

hearing loss in two ears

unilateral hearing loss

hearing loss in one ear

discrimination

hearing the differences between sounds; loss in the clarity of sounds (ball/doll)

communication sciences and disorders (CSD)

educational background for speech, language, and hearing scientists

professions

speech-language pathologists (SLP) and audiologists

interprofessional education (IPE)

when students and educators from different health disciplines collaborate to develop shared knowledge and skills

interprofessional practice (IPP)

when professionals from multiple health disciplines collaborate in healthcare settings to provide coordinated services

licensure

fully credentialed SLPS and audiologists as defined by an individual state; unique to each state

Certificate of Clinical Competence (CCC) Certification

certificate that SLP’s get from ASHA; requires master’s degree or higher with emphasis on speech-language pathology, AuD degree, or both

ethics

ASHA code of ethics “the right thing to do”

handicap

not included in WHO, physical, what you can see

articulation disorder

when children experience difficulty in learning and producing specific sounds due to motor based difficulties

phonological disorder

speech production problem that is based on the way sounds are represented in the brain

syntax

the rules for grouping words together (grammar)

phonemes

sounds of a language that cause changes in meaning (“b” bee vs “t” tee)

manner of articulation

the different ways that speakers can block airflow through the oral cavity using different types of constrictions

place of articulation

modyfying speech sounds by producing blockages at different places in the oral cavity (lips and tongue)

voicing

voiced — when your vocal folds are vibrating

voiceless — vocal folds opening

syllables

units of speech that consist of constants and vowels

language content

relates to meaning

lexicon

mental dictionary of words and their meanings

semantics

the linguistic representation of objects, ideas, feelings, and events (vocab, words)

language form

the structure of language; involves 3 linguistic systems: phonology, morphology, and syntax 

phonology

the study of the sounds we use to make words; the smallest meaningful unit of speech (“b” & “ñ”)

morphology

the linguistic system that relates to the internal organization of words

morpheme

the smallest grammatical unit that has meaning

(bird is a morpheme; cannot be split to “b” and “ird” it means nothing)

language use

concerns the goals of language and the way we choose words and sentences that are the best fit for the speaking situation

pragmatics

sociolinguistic conventions that help us decide what to say to whom, how to say it, and when to say it

babbling

combination of different consonants and vowels and string sets of different syllables together in a way that has a speech-like quality

canonical babbling

infants using their voice to make syllable-like strings (ba) (coo)

reduplicated babbling

rhythmic syllables over and over (babababa)

variegated babbling

combining different syllables (bawadebo)

expressive jargon

babbling that sounds like statements and questions

story grammar

the sequence that many fictional stories follow

setting

story grammar ; where it takes place

episodes

story grammar ; fictional stories have episodes

initiating event

story grammar ; what motivates the main character to take action

attempts

story grammar ; the action a character takes in response to the initiating event

narration

story telling

metaphors & idioms

examples of more advanced language that children learn in school

genres

at school children start to tell stories in different genres (horror, mystery)

motherese

how parents speak to their children

collectivism-individualism

the different ways we communicate and understand different perspectives

culture

a set of beliefs and assumptions shared by a group of people that guide how individuals think, act, and interact on a daily basis

socialization

the process by which an individual learns his own culture

acculturation

the process by which an individual learns or adapts to another culture

mismatch

issues a child may encounter when they enter school because of second language differences and different socialization practices

basic interpersonal communication skills (BICS)

second language learners take from 1 to 3 years to learn face-to-face communication

decontextualized language

language that is “higher level” (5-7 years)

cognitive academic language proficiency (CALP)

BICS and decontextualized language

communicative demands

rules about how children and adults interact in schools

dialect

defined as a variation of language that is spoken by people from a particular geographic region

accent

sound differences of dialect variation related to phonology, prosody, and intonation

code switching

using different dialects in some settings but not others and varies throughout an event

bilingual

individuals that speak and understand 2 languages

sequential bilingual

individuals that learn a second language later in school or as an adult

simultaneous bilingual

individual exposed to 2 languages since birth

socioeconomic status

can influence communication style

myelin

a fatty insulator covering the axon that speeds transmission of impulses and neurilemma, a covering of the axon that allows it to regain function after being damaged

efferent

neuron impulses from higher structures to lower structures

afferent

neurons that bring information to a higher structure

neurotransmitters

excite or inhibit the response of surrounding neurons; chemical messengers

glial cells

form the fatty myelin covering of axons that affect the speed of transmission of an impulse down the axon; serve as a blood–brain barrier for nutrients delivered to neurons; remove dead cells from the nervous system

meninges

tissue layers

cerebral hemispheres

the cerebrum has 2 cerebral hemispheres (left/right)

longitudinal fissure

what the 2 hemispheres are separated by

corpus callosum

series of connecting pathways that join the 2 hemispheres

brainstem

conduit for sensory information coming from the receptors of the body for touch, temperature, pain, pressure, vision, balance, movement, and motor pathways

cerebellum

important for balance and for ensuring coordination of various body movements (timing, amount, and speed of movement)

broca’s area

programming of movements for speech production

wernicke’s area

critical for understanding auditory information

pyramidal tract

direct pathway from the cortical surface to the peripheral nerves

extrapyramidal tract

control of movements; modulates the complex motor activity of the nervous system

resting expiratory level

mechanically neutral point in the respiratory cycle; opposing forces of the lungs and thorax are in balance and air pressure in the lungs is equal to the air pressure outside the body

adduction

vocal folds pulled together to the point of touching

glottis

gap between the vocal folds

harmonics

complex periodic sounds composed of a series of simple periodic sounds (pure tones)

fundamental frequency

the lowest of the harmonic frequencies

prosody

suprasegmental elements: stress and intonation

source-filter theory

explains how respiration, phonation, and articulation operate together

respiratory — source of power

phonation — sound source

articulation — sound filter

formants

resonances combined with the energy of the harmonics closest to them in frequency 

coarticulation

the simultaneous production of two sequential sounds

mass

the amount of matter present in a given object

elasticity

an objects ability to return to its original shape after being deformed

sound generation

the process where an object is set into motion through the application of an external force

waveform

a graph that shows the amplitude of as a function of time