Amstud West Test

Describe the members of the Federalist Party

Wealthy, property-owning people, merchants, from the North

What were the politics of the Federalist party?

• Superior people should run things

• Powerful central government

• Believed in the national bank

• Believed in a flexible Constitution

• Pro-British, Anti-French

Describe the members of the Anti-Federalist party

Small farmers, laborers from the South

What were the politics of the Anti-Federalist party?

• Believed in “every” man’s right to vote

• Strong state government

• Against national bank

• Believed in taking the Constitution as-is

• Anti-British, Pro-French

Jeffersonian Republic

• A strong state government

• Agrarian (small farmer) country

• Strict interpretation of the Constitution

Louisiana Purchase*

Thomas Jefferson opposed a strong national government but used the government’s power and funds to expand West. In 1803, James Mondroe was sent to Paris to buy New Orleans from France. Napoleon sold all Missouri Territory for $15 million total. This “affirms forever the power of the United States.” (Napoleon)

Manifest Destiny

“the essence of the push to settle from sea to sea”

Expansion as inevitable and justifiable
Native Americans seen as an obstacle to this progress

Jacksonian Democracy

“second party system” of ordinary workers, opposing eltie priveleges

1. Voting rights for all free white men

2. local judges elected

3. rewritten state constitution for more state legislative power

4. refusal to sign the charter for the National Bank into law

What is Romanticism?

the cold rationality of the Enlightenment to the warmth of emotion and human potential/perfectability

How is Romanticism expressed in culture and art?

Greek and Roman architecture revival, Webster’s dictionary defining American English, Hudson River School of Art emphasizing the grandeur of naure

Second Great Awakening

a religious revival which inspired social reforms, fueled by the Market Revolution

Market Revolution

factory labor, barter economy to wage economy, connected US markets

Three Sister Farming

Native agriculture strategy of growing corns, beans, and squash together. They support each other while growing and provide a mostly complete diet.

Native societies before contact

People came to the US before or during ice age, and there were around ~50 million people before colonization

Key differences between European and Native Societies

Natives saw land as more shared, while Europeans thought of land as owned individually

Natives traded ceremonially while Europeans traded as a simple buisiness transaction

Natives had women farm and they had some freedom while men hunted, European women houskept while men farmed and led houses

Natives believed in a non-exclusive religion with one creator and spirits, while Europeans believed in exclusively the Christian god

Why did the Cherokee Nation sue Georgia?

To stop the state from enacting laws that interfered with the nation and its territory under treaty rights

How did the Supreme Court classify Indian tribes in the Cherokee Nation case?

As “domestic independent nations”

What was the Supreme Court’s ruling about state laws in Worcester v Georgia and how was the ruling enforced?

The Supreme Court ruleed that Georgia’s laws had no effect in Cherokee country, but this was not enforced by Prosident Andrew Jackson

What was the purpose of the Indian Removal Act?

Greanted the President to trade land West of the Mississippi with Indians for Indian land within state borders, with the purpose of making the Indians move West.

The federal government began openly discussing forcing all tribes to move to a large reservation west of the Mississippi River called ____, in the modern day states of ____ to give the US room to grow and to end state and tribal conflicts over land and sovereignty issues.

Indian Territory,** much of Oklahoma and some of Nebraska

The journey from the eastern US to the PNW along the ____ and the discovery of ____ in 1849 caused US citizens to swarm across the continent and continued conflict caused the US government to begin to set aside specifically designated sand seperate tracts of land for Native Americans.

Oregon Trail, gold

Describe the actions of the Bureau of Indian Affairs.

Involvement in the GA/Dawes Act 1887: Managing reservations and creating the rules for them

Describe the assimilation of Native Americans

Embedded in federal policy, assimilation was a way to quiet and and end the identity of Native Americans.

How did assimilation policies impact Native Americans?

• language loss

• culture loss

• generations of trauma

• loss of land

Dawes Act, 1887

Reduced the amount of tribally controlled land on the Indian reservations and opened up areas on reservations for non-Indians to utilize or live on.

How much land did Natives lose during the Allotment era?

2/3 of remaining tribal territory

What piece of legislation led most directly to the Suquamish/Port Madison reservation having a “checkerboarded” appearance?

The Dawes/Allotment Act 1887

What were boarding schools like?

1. Native language ban

2. Forced English names

3. Appearance changes (hair cutting)

4. Strict discipline (beatings, physical labor)

Indian Reorganization Act

Gave money, choice, and autonomy to tribes

1934

Termination Era

1950s

End federal/tribal relationship

Members of congress called for the repeal of the IRA

Assimilation becoming policy once again

Describe the philosophical change in the federal administration of Indian affairs as represented by the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975

The ISDEAA reversed termination and assimilation policies, showing the administration was more open to giving people rights because of thins like the Civil Rights movements

In the 1974 Supreme Court case US v Washington, Judge Boldt’s decision determined that “The right of taking fish at all usual and ____ stations is further secured to said Indians _____ with all citizens of the Territory.”

accustomed, in common

How did Boldt’s decision to interpret the treaty as he did represent a shift in perspective by the federal government?

The government began to respect signed treaties once again.

What were the push and pull factors of the Westward Expansion?

Push: Being outlaws or outcasts, Civil War, land shortages, repression (ethnic, racial, religious)

Pull: God, gold, and government incentives (/private propeorty)

Homestead Act

1862

• $10 and live there for 5 years (or $1.25 and live there for 6 months) to own 160 acres of land

• promoted the settlement of the Great Plains

Morrill Land-Grant Act

1862

• Provided land grants to finance “agriculture and mechanic art” (A&M) colleges

• 3000 acres of public land for each Senator/Representative to sell to finance schools

• established Reserve Officers Training Corps

Oregon Trail

• helped implement manifest destiny

• free land in Oregon territory for incentive

• government wanted people to settle there

• 53000 move west 1840-76

What were the major inventions which impacted Westward Expansion?

• Steel plow

• Mechanical reaper (horse-drawn harvester)

• Barbed wire

• TCRR

How did the US population increase from 1860 to 1900?

1860 - 31 million

1900 - 76 million

Increase by 45 million

California Gold Rush

• People came many ways from all over

• 1849

• Sluicing and panning

• Impacts on the environment and natives

• Created growth in mining cities and nearby

Describe the miners who went to California for the Gold Rush.

• Dedicated

• Afraid to return home as a failure

• Mostly unsuccessful

• Big spenders

• Individual entrepreneurs

• Mainly Americans, some Chinese immigrants

Mining in California left nearly ___ times the amount of mercury into the environment as there was gold extracted.

10

How did the mining impact California Native Americans?

• Depleted and damages resources

• Increased violence and hatred for them

The immigrants who worked on the Union Pacific Railway were from ____ and went ___.

Ireland, West from Nebraska

The immigrants who worked on the Central Pacific Railway were from ___ and went ___.

China, East from California

How were the companies building the TCRR paid?

• Grants from the government

• Cash payments per mile

• More for different slopes

• Given 5 miles to either side of the railroad for each mile built

Why did the population of bison decrease during the 1800s?

Railroads brought people to see bison and eventually hunt them for sport because they were so easy to kill.

What was the estimated bison population in North America in 1875?

<1,000