Business leadership

Planning

Setting goals and deciding how to achieve them.

Organizing

Arranging tasks, people, and resources.

Leading

Motivating and guiding employees.

Controlling

Monitoring and adjusting performance.

Strategic plan

Long-term, organization-wide goals.

Tactical plan

Medium-term plans for departments.

Functional plan

Short-term plans for specific functions.

Forecasting

Predicting future trends using data.

Scenario planning

Preparing for possible future situations.

Contingency planning

Creating backup plans for emergencies.

Benchmarking

Comparing performance to best practices.

SMART

Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time-bound.

SMART goal example

Boost sales by 10% in 6 months.

Strategic goal

Long-term goal aligned with vision.

Strategic goal example

Be the top eco-fashion brand by 2030.

Participatory planning

Including employees in planning decisions.

Mission

Purpose and core activities of an organization.

Vision

Future goal or aspiration of an organization.

Functional structure

Groups by job type (e.g., HR, sales).

Divisional structure

Groups by product or service.

Geographic structure

Groups by region or location.

Matrix structure

Combines functional and divisional.

Flat structure

Few management layers, broad roles.

Network structure

Relies on external partners.

Boundaryless structure

No formal barriers between units.

Team-based structure

Work organized into collaborative teams.

Command-and-control

Top-down management style.

Organic structure

Flexible, decentralized, adaptive.

Mechanistic structure

Rigid, centralized, formal.

SWOT

Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats.

Ulrich Model

Describes 4 key HR roles.

HR roles (Ulrich)

Strategic Partner, Change Agent, Admin Expert, Employee Champion.

Well-designed job

Clear duties, autonomy, purpose.

Hackman & Oldham

Skill variety, identity, significance, autonomy, feedback.

Job rotation

Switching tasks to reduce boredom.

Job enlargement

Adding tasks at same level.

Job enrichment

Adding tasks with more responsibility.

Job simplification

Breaking work into basic tasks.

ESA (Ontario)

Sets minimum workplace standards.

Orientation

Intro to role, team, company policies.

Preboarding

Prep work before first day.

Onboarding metrics

Time to productivity, retention, satisfaction.

Situational leadership

Adapting style to employee needs.

Leadership styles

Directing, Coaching, Supporting, Delegating.