Bug Quiz 4

Order: Trichoptera

Synapomorphies

• 2 pairs of membranous wings, usually with abundant hairs

• Mouthparts mandibulate but reduced, palps well-developed

• Holometabolous

• Larvae aquatic, often make cases or nets

Holometabolous definition

Complete metamorphosis; a form of insect development which includes four life stages: egg, larva, pupa, and imago

1. Egg

2. Larva

3. Pupa

4. Adult stage (Imago)

Hemimetabolous definition

Partial metamorphosis; a form of insect development which includes three life stages:

1. Egg

2. Nymph

3. Adult stage (Imago)

These groups go through gradual changes; there is no pupal stage

Order: Trichoptera

Family: Hydroptilidae (Microcaddisflies)

• Antennae short

• HW narrow and pointed apically, often with fringed hairs that are clubbed

• Ocelli sometimes present

• Mesoscutellum flat and triangular

• Very small

• Usually very hairy (gray/brownish)

Order: Trichoptera

Family: Phryganeidae (Large caddisflies)

• Antennae moderately long

• Maxillary palps 4-segmented in males, 5-segmented in females

• Ocelli present

• Meso-tibiae with 2 preapical spurs (4 total incl. apical)

• Usually among the largest caddisflies

Order: Trichoptera

Family: Limnephilidae (Northern caddisflies)

• Antennae moderately long

• Maxillary palps 3-segmented in males, 5-segmented in females

• Ocelli present

• Meso-tibiae with 2 apical spurs and 1 preapical spur (3 total spurs)

• Much larger than Hydroptilidae; medium/large

• Usually more brown with dark markings

Order: Trichoptera

Family Hydropsychidae (Net-spinning caddisflies)

• Antennae long

• Maxillary palps with 5 segments in both sexes, last segment much longer than preceding segments and prehensile

• Ocelli absent

• Mesoscutum without warts

• Much larger than Hydroptilidae; medium sized

• Brownish, wings mottled

Order: Trichoptera

Family: Leptoceridae (Long-horned caddisflies)

• Antennae very long

• Ocellie absent

• Maxillary palps with fewer than 5 segments, last segment similar in size to others

• Mesoscutum with setal warts, separated by notch

• Meso-tibiae without preapical spurs

• Little/much larger than Hydroptilidae

• Slender, often pale colored

Order: Lepidoptera

Synapomorphies

• Wings with scales

• Mouthparts modified into long coiled siphoning proboscis

• Maxillary palps usually reduced but labial palps conspicuous

• Fore and hind wing differently shaped

• Knobbed antennae(?)

Order: Lepidoptera

Family: Hesperiidae (Skippers)

• Antennae clubbed but also hooked at tip

• Antennae widely separated at base

• Meta-tibiae usually with middle spur

• FW with R 5-branched but branches not stalked and all arising from discal cell

• Fairly stout-bodied compared to Papilionoidea

• Most hold the FW and HW at different angles while at rest

• Rapid skipping flight

Order: Lepidoptera

Family: Papilionidae (Swallowtails)

• Front legs not reduced

• FW with R 5-branched

• HW with 1 anal vein and usually with tail-like projection (not always!)

• Size large, usually brightly colored with black, yellow, and other colors

Order: Lepidoptera

Family: Pieridae (Whites & Sulfurs)

• Front legs not or only slightly reduced

• FW with R 3- or 4-branched

• M₁ of FW stalked with a branch of R near wing tip

• HW with 2 anal veins and no tail

• Size medium, usually plain white, yellow, or orange, sometimes marked with black

• Tarsal claws bifurcate

Order: Lepidoptera

Family: Lycaenidae (Blues, coppers & hairstreaks)

• Front legs of males usually reduced

• FW with R 3- or 4-branched

• M₁ usually not stalked with a branch of R in FW

• HW with 2 anal veins, occasionally with very tiny hair-like tail

• Size small, very delicate, often brightly colored but not usually with or yellow

• Tarsal claws simple, not bifurcate

• Eyes and antennae contiguous

• Eyes usually notched around antennal base

Order: Lepidoptera

Family: Nymphalidae (Brush-footed butterflies)

• Front legs greatly reduced

• FW with R 5-branched

• M₁ usually not stalked with a branch of R in FW

• HW with 2 anal veins and no tail

• Discal cell in HW often open or weakly closed (closed in Danainae)

• Large or medium-sized, variable in color and shape

• Tarsal claws simple, not bifurcate

• Eyes and antennal base not contiguous

• Eyes not notched around antennae

Order: Lepidoptera

Family: Psychidae (Bagworm moths)

• Males winged, usually black with fairly short, clear wings with few scales

• Females wingless or with stubby wings

Order: Lepidoptera

Family: Attevidae (Tropical ermine moths) (Formerly Yponomeutidae)

• Distinct brightly colored, orange with black-ringed white spots

• Large-ish accessory cell

• Head and labial palps with smooth scales

• Ocelli absent

• Maxillary palps large, 1- to 2- segmented

• Wings slightly narrowed, tips relatively blunt

• Size small to medium

Order: Lepidoptera

Family: Tortricidae (Leaf-roller & fruitworm moths)

• Maxillary palps small, labial palps, usually project forward

• FW broad, somewhat “round-shouldered”, with squared-off tips

  • Difficult to distinguish from other families, however

• Wings at rest usually held roof-like over the body

• Size fairly small to medium

• Often with complex patterns on FW and plain HW

Order: Lepidoptera

Family: Pterophoridae (Plume moths)

• Wings held perpendicular to body at rest, giving T-shaped profile

• FW with 2 lobes; HW with 3 deep lobes, usually fringed, held beneath FW at rest

• Legs long and slender, usually with projecting spines or spurs at joints

• Slender, delicate moths

• Usually gray or brown in color, some with more complex patterns

Order: Lepidoptera

Family: Sesiidae (Clearwing moths)

• Antennae widen gradually, then narrow at tip

• Ocelli conspicuous

• Transparent, scaleless “windows” on wings

• HW broad with anal area well developed (1A-3A)

• Size small to medium

• Often wasp-like in shape and coloring

Order: Lepidoptera

Family: Limacodidae (Slug caterpillar moths)

• Wings broadly rounded

• FW with 2 complete anal veins

• HW with 3 anal veins (1A-3A)

• Sc and R₁ in HW separate at base, then briefly fused

• Stout-bodied, hairy, usually brown/green or brown/silver

Order: Lepidoptera

Family: Gelechiidae (Twirler moths)

• Head with smooth scales

• Proboscis scaled

• Maxillary palps short, 4-segmented

• Labial palps long, upcurved, 3rd segment elongate and tapering

• FW with R₄ and R₅ stalked at base and A₁₊₂ forked at base

• HW acute ateroapically, end of wing below apex concave

• Long hairs on tibia

• Size small to medium (Wingspan 7-25 mm)

Order: Lepidoptera

Family: Pyralidae (Snout moths)

• Proboscis scaled

• Labial palps often large and projecting forward (“snout”)

• Maxillary palpi 3 or 4-segmented

• HW more rounded and often broader than elongate-triangular FW

• FW with Cu appearing 4-branched

• HW with 3 anal veins and Sc + R₁ and Rs fused byond discal cell, then separating

• Size small to medium (wingspan 9-37 mm)

Order: Hymenoptera

Subfamily: Dolichoderinae (odorous ants)

• Postpetiole absent, waist with a petiole

• Apex of abdomen with a transverse slit-like opening (no fringe of hairs)

• Antennae not clubbed; sockets not covered by lobes

• Constriciton between abdominal segments 3 and 4 absent

Order: Hymenoptera

Subfamily: Formicinae

• Postpetiole absent, waist with a petiole

• Apex of abdomen with a circular opening, usually surrounded by a fringe of hairs

• Sting absent

• Atennae not clubbed, sockets not covered by lobes

• Constriction between abdominal segments of 3 and 4 absent

Order: Hymenoptera

Subfamily: Myrmicinae (Myrmicines)

• Postpetiole present, waist 2-segmented

• Antennal sockets covered by frontal lobes

• Sting sometimes present

• Apex of abdomen may also have fringe of hairs

Order: Hymenoptera

Family: Andrenidae (Mining bees)

• Face with two subantennal sutures (often covered by hairs)

• Often with facial foveae (vertical depressions next to the inner margin of each compound eye)

• “Tongue” short, pointed apically

• Basal vein of FW not strongly arched

• Jugal lobe of HW long

• Small to medium-sized, often (not always!) with hairier thorax than Halictidae

• Eye margin parallel, minimally angled

Order: Hymenoptera

Family: Colletidae (Plasterer & yellow-faced bees)

• Face with one subantennal suture, meeting inner margin of antennal socket

• “Tongue” short, bilobed at apex

• Basal vein of FW strongly sigmoid (s-shaped)

• Jugal lobe of HW long

• Small to medium-sized, sparsely to quite hairy

• Eye margins angled inward

Order Hymenoptera

Family: Halictidae (sweat bees)

• Face with one subantennal suture, meeting inner margin of antennal socket

• “Tongue” short, pointed or rounded apically

• Basal vein of FW strongly arched

Order: Hymenoptera

Family: Megachilidae (Leaf-cutting bees)

• Face with one subantennal suture, meeting outer margin of antennal socket

• Females with scopa on venter (bottom) of abdomen

• Labrum longer than broad, “tongue” long

• FW with 2 submarginal cells, usually equal in length

• Jugal lobe of HW short

• Very variable in color, shape, size (sorry)

Order: Hymenoptera

Family: Apidae (Cuckoo, carpenter, & corbiculate bees)

• Face with one subantennal suture, meeting inner margin of antennal socket

• “Tongue” long with developed maxillary palps

• FW with 3 submarginal cells (rarely 2)

• Jugal lobe of HW usually present but short

• Scopa brush-like on hind tibia (when present)

• Variable size, form, color, often stout (it’s bad!)

• If a honeybee, will have hair on its eyes

Order: Lepidoptera

Family: Lasiocampidae (Tent moths, lappet moths)

• Antennae bipectinate in both sexes

• Proboscis vestigial or absent

• FW with Cu₂ arises in the basal half of the discal cell

• Frenulum absent but humeral area of hind wing greatly expanded

• Stout, hairy bodies, most are brown or grey in color

Order: Lepidoptera

Family: Saturniidae (Giant silk moths)

• Antennae simple, pectinate, or bipectinate

• Proboscis reduced or absent wings very broad

• Wings very broad

• No crossvein above discal cell in HW

• Short, thick, densely hairy body

Order: Lepidoptera

Family: Sphingidae (Hawk moths)

• Antennae thickened, somewhat spindle-shaped

• Proboscis long, prominent

• No ocellie or tympanal organs

• FW usually much larger than HW

• HW with small cross-vein midway along top of discal cell connecting Sc and R

• Body very robust, spindle-shaped, abdomen often pointed

Order: Lepidoptera

Family: Geometridae (Geometers & Loopers)

• Antennae threadlike or pectinate, not clubbed

• HW with Sc with abrupt angle basally

• Somewhat butterfly-like in shape with broad wings and slender body

• Usually cryptically colored, wings often with find wavy lines

Order: Lepidoptera

Family: Notodontidae (Prominents)

• Antennae usually bipectinate, occasionally simple

• FW usually conspicuously longer than HW

• In both wings, M₂ arises from middle of the apex of discal cell, thus cubitus appearing 3-branched

• Hw with Sc+R₁ NOT touching RS: no areole

• Thoracic tympana present, pointing downward

• Some species with dorsal tuft on posterior margins of wings, protrudes at rest

Order: Lepidoptera

Family: Noctuidae (Owlet moths & armyworm moths)

• Antennae usually simple, occasionally bipectinate

• Labial palps usually relatively long, upturned

• FW somewhat narrowed, HW broadened

• Very similar to Notodontidae, but the M₂ in FW arises closer to the M₃ at the apex of the discal cell, thus cubitus appears 4-branched

• Very small cell (basal areole) at bae of discal cell in HW

• Thoracic tympana present! on metathorax pointing back or outwards with tmpanal hood behind spiracle

• Usually cryptically colored

Order: Lepidoptera

Family: Erebidae

• antennae bipectinate or simple (former in both sexes of Lymantriinae)

• proboscis reduced or absent in some groups (like Lymantriinae)

• labial palps short or well-developed (former in Arctiinae, latter

• in Lymantriinae)

• very similar to Notodontidae and Noctuidae, but the M2 in both wings arise closer to the M3 at the apex of the discal cell, thus cubitus appears 4-branched: "quadrifid"

• hind wing with Sc+R1 joining Rs for a short distance, forming

• larger basal areole than in Noctuidae

• thoracic tympana present! tympanum on metathorax pointing backwards with tympanal hood in front of spiracle

• size medium, with relatively large body

• highly variable, often brightly-colored moths; Lymantriinae are

• brown, gray, or white

Order Neuroptera

Family: Myrmeleontidae (Antlions)

• Antennae short and gradually expanding, without distinct knob

• Abdomen long & slender, superficially resembling Odonata

• Eyes large, not notched

• Cerci absent

Order Neuroptera

Family: Ascalaphinae (Owlflies)

• Antenae long with distinct knob

• Abdomen long & slender, superficially resembling Odonata

• Eyes large, bulge outwards from head

• Eyes sometimes notched

• Cerci absent

Order: Neuroptera

Family: Mantispidae (Mantidflies)

• Prothorax elongate (only family)

• Front legs raptorial (only family)

Order: Neuroptera

Family: Chrysopidae (Green lacewings)

• Crossveins along anterior margin of wing unbranched

• Wing venation generally more honeycomb-like

• OFten, but not always, green

• Subcostal and R1 vein free distally

Order: Neuroptera

Family: Hemerobiidae (Brown lacewings)

• Crossveins along anterior margin of wing forked

• Wing veins generally more longitudinal

• Common species smaller

Order: Raphidioptera (snakeflies)

Family: Raphidiidae (Typical snakeflies)

• Prothorax elongated

• Head elongate and flattened

• Female with elongate ovipositor

• Front legs aris from posterior end of prothorax and are similar to other legs

• FW and HW similar in shape and size

Order: Mecoptera (Scorpionflies)

Synapomorphies

• antennae filiform, with 14 or more segments

• head (specifically clypeus) prolonged below eyes as a “beak”

• mandibulate mouthparts

• usually 2 pairs of long membranous wings, similar in shape

• wing venation somewhat like Neuroptera, except Cu1 and M fused for short distance in hind wing

• tarsi 5-segmented

• holometabolous

Order: Mecoptera

Family: Panorpidae (Common scorpionflies)

• Wings fairly broad at base

• Tarsi non-raptorial, with two small claws, 5th segment not folding

• Male with scorpion-like “tail” (genitalia)

Order: Siphonaptera (Fleas)

• mouthparts haustellate

• wings completely absent

• meta- (hind) coxae enlarged for jumping

• body small, laterally compressed

• usually with strong caudally directed setae

• holometabolous