Heimler Unit 7 (1890-1945)

Seward's Folly (1867)

Secretary of State William Seward's purchase of Alaska from Russia (under Johnson)

-first example of imperialism

-although made fun of at first, the discovery of gold in 1898 makes imperialism seem more desirable

Reasons for Imperialism

-new markets and access to raw materials (as inspired by Alaska)

-belief in cultural superiority: Social Darwinism claimed that the white, Protestant, democratic US was superior; Josiah Strong's "Our Country: Its Possible Future and Present Crisis" show feeling of white and Christian superiority

-desire for military strength: Mahan's "Influence of Sea Power on History"

Alfred Thayer Mahan

Wrote "The influence of Sea Power upon History" (1890)

-supports growing navy and race to secure naval bases (such as those in Hawaii)

Anti-Imperialist League

a group that opposed the treaty and the creation of an American colonial empire

-many prominent members, such as Twain and Carnegie

Reasons for Anti-Imperialism

-support of self-determination for countries (an argument that the British colonies had used themselves)

-US' history of isolationism (Washington's farewell speech)

-racial: didn't want non-white peoples becoming US citizens

Causes of Spanish American War

-1895 Cuban revolt and Sp. Gen. Weyler's "reconcentration" policy

-1898 explosion of USS Maine

-Yellow journalism

-McKinley claims humanitarian reasons

Effects of Spanish American War

-US gains Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines (for $20 million); Cuba becomes "independent"

-Filipino-American War

Platte Amendment

1901. Amendment pressured to be put in the Cuban consti. by US officials. Essentially gives US control of Cuba

-US had the right to protect Cuba, intervene with military when it sees fit

-Cuba shall make no treaty that impairs its independence

-US acquires naval base at Guantanamo Bay

Causes/Effects of Philippine War

Assistant Sec. of Navy Teddy Roosevelt sends troops there unnecessarily during war, overthrows Spanish rule

-ceded for $20 million

-Emilio Aguinaldo leads Filipino's in resistance to imperialist US; US uses anti-civilian tactics

Annexation of Hawaii

For sugar...

-Queen Liliuokalani of Hawaii gave U.S. naval rights to Pearl Harbor 1887

-1893 overthrow of Liliuokalani supported by US

-1898 annexation

Open Door Policy

U.S. secretary of state John Hay (1899)

-all countries, including US, should have trading privileges in China, even if they don't have a sphere of influence

-not rejected; supported after 1899 Boxer Rebellion in China

Dollar Diplomacy

Foreign policy created under President Taft in which the US exchanged financial support for political influence

-First used in Nicaragua (large loans to new government)

Roosevelt Corollary

Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force

-speak softly and carry a big stick

Wilson's Moral Diplomacy

Against imperialism and dollar diplomacy. Called for the spread of moral, democratic principles worldwide (national self-determination)

Causes of the Progressive Movement

-growing power of big business

-uncertainties in economy (Panic of 1893)

-increasingly violent conflict between labor unions and employers

-corruption of political machines

-Jim Crow laws

-women's suffrage

-temperance

-conservation

All to be fixed by GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION

Muckrakers (Progressivism)

Journalists who attempted to find corruption or wrongdoing in industries and expose it to the public

-Jacob Riis: "How the Other Half Lives" (1890) tenements, urban poverty

-Ida Tarbell: Standard Oil, trusts

-Upton Sinclair: "The Jungle" (1909) on meat-packing industry, which leads to food safety laws

16th Amendment (Progressivism)

1913 gave Congress the power to tax income.

Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 (Progressivism)

1906 law that regulated the food and patent medicine industries

-in response to "The Jungle"

Secret Ballot (Progressivism)

Anonymous voting method that helps to make elections fair and honest

-expands at state-level during Progressive era

-anti-political machine

17th Amendment (Progressivism)

1913. Provided for the direct election of senators

-state legislatures had become influenced by big business

18th Amendment (Progressivism)

1919. Prohibition

19th Amendment (Progressivism)

1920 women's suffrage

Initiative, Referendum, Recall (Progressivism)

Initiative: people have the right to propose a new law. Referendum: a law passed by the legislature can be reference to the people for approval/veto.

Recall: the people can petition and vote to have an elected official removed from office.

Frederick Winslow Taylor

American mechanical engineer, who wanted to improve industrial efficiency

-scientific management 1911

W.E.B. DuBois (Progressivism)

Civil Rights leader who opposed Booker T. Washington.

-social and political integration

-higher education for 10% of African Americans-what he called a "Talented Tenth".

-Founder of the Niagara Movement which led to the creation of the NAACP

NAACP (Progressivism)

Interracial organization founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination and to achieve political and civil rights for African Americans.

Ida B. Wells (Progressivism)

African American journalist who published statistics about lynching

Theodore Roosevelt's Square Deal (Progressivism)

domestic program formed upon three basic ideas: 1. conservation of natural resources

2. control of corporations

3. consumer protection

Sherman Antitrust Act

1890 law banning any trust that restrained interstate trade or commerce

-used by TR against Northern Securities Co.

Bad Trusts v Good Trusts

Distinction emphasized by progressives and TR who believed gov't should encourage the good and discipline the bad

National Forest Service

Government agency created by Theodore Roosevelt to preserve land and protect local animal species.

Bull Moose Party (Progressive Party)

1912 Election. Roosevelt broke away forming his own Progressive Party/Bull Moose Party

-His loss led to the election of Democratic nominee Woodrow Wilson, but he gained more third party votes than ever before.

Triple Entente

Britain, France, Russia

Triple Alliance (Central Powers)

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

Lusitania (1915)

Sunk in 1915 by a German submarine. 139 American killed.

-US calls on Germany to stop sinking passenger ships; Germany stops until 1917

Zimmerman Telegram

1917 telegram sent from Germany to Mexico and intercepted by US

-urges Mexico to invade US if US enters WWI; Mexico would gain territory lost in Mex-Amer war back

-US enters WWI afterward: "makes the world safe for democracy"

Panamanian Revolt

1903, US supported the revolt in Colombia in order to gain control of land to make the Panama Canal.

-US recognizes Panamanian independence and signs treaty granting them a canal zone soon after.

Sierra Club (Progressivism)

American environmental organization est. 1892

American Expeditionary Force

the U.S. forces, led by Gen. John Pershing, who fought with the allies in Europe during WWI

Selective Service Act of 1917

Law passed by Congress in 1917 that required all men from ages 21 to 30 to register for the military draft

Wilson's 14 Points

-freedom of seas, removal of trade barriers

-national self-determination for nations

-est. of League of Nations (ultimately w/o US)

Treaty of Versailles (1919)

Treaty that ended World War I. Harsh reparations placed on Germany (harsher than Wilson wants)

League of Nations

An organization of nations formed after World War I to promote cooperation and peace, but with little enforcement powers

-US senate refuses to join: fear that membership could US into war w/o Congressional approval

War Industries Board

Agency established during WWI to increase efficiency in war-related industries.

National War Labor Board

A board that negotiated labor disputes and gave workers what they wanted to prevent strikes that would disrupt the war

-wages incr, 8 hr workday spread, and union membership increases

Espionage and Sedition Acts

two laws, enacted in 1917 and 1918, that imposed harsh penalties on anyone interfering with or speaking against U.S. participation in WWI

-Eugene Debs Arrested

Shenck v. US

1919 SCOTUS ruling upholding Espionage and Sedition Acts

-freedom of speech is limited if there is clear and present danger

Palmer Raids, 1920

Attorney General Palmer ordered arrests of arrests of over 6,000 suspected anarchists and Socialists.

-first Red Scare (Russia now run by communist government)

Emergency Quota Act and National Origin Act

1921 and 1924. Set progressively lower immigration quotas, especially toward S/E Euro. and Asians (Chinese Exclusion Act still in effect)

Great Migration

Movement of African Americans from the South to the North for jobs.

-agricultural to industrial jobs

-escaping racism

Tulsa Race Riot 1921

Race riots in which over 300 Blacks are killed and Black property is burned

Anti-German Sentiment during WWI

-lose jobs

-beaten, harassed

-sauerkraut becomes "liberty cabbage"

Henry Ford, the Model T and the assembly line

-1913 first assembly line meant for mass production, lowered cost, and commercial success

-Model T was affordable because of this (high demand for cars in US)

Consumer Society in 1920s

spurred by mass production, rising wages after WWI

-RADIOS

-appliances (fridge), beauty products

-cars: Model T

-ads begin using psychology, convincing customers they NEED an item (Sigmund Freud's psychology utilized by Edward Bernays)

Pop Culture in 1920's

-Communication: RADIOS, cinemas (75% of pop. go weekly; "The Jazz Singer" was first movie to have sound and video 1927; focus on the white experience--"The Birth of a Nation" 1915)

-celebrities: Charles Lindbergh, Babe Ruth

Dawes Plan (1924)

The provision of U.S. Loans to Germany to help meet reparation payments, which were also reduced. With the loans, Germany was able to pay debt to Euro. countries, who were then able to pay their debt to the US.

Teapot Dome Scandal

corruption by a Harding cabinet member, who took bribes to allow oil drilling on public lands

Flappers

Young women in the 1920s who challenged social traditions with their dress and behavior

Harlem Renaissance

Black literary and artistic movement centered in Harlem that lasted from the 1920s into the early 1930s that both celebrated and lamented black life in America

-effect of Great Migration

-Duke Ellington, Langston Hughes

Lost Generation

Americans who became disillusioned with materialistic society after World War I

-F. Scott Fitzgerald, Hemingway

Modernists vs. Fundamentalists

Modernists: often live in cities, adapt Christian beliefs to intellectual climate

Fundamentalists: often live in rural areas, attempt to hold to traditional Christian beliefs and a more literal interpretation of the Bible

Scopes Monkey Trial (1925)

Tennessee schoolteacher John Scopes was arrested for teaching the theory of evolution despite a state law banning it. Defended by Clarence Darrow and prosecuted by William Jennings Bryan.

-Darrow makes Bryan and Fundamentalism seem unjustifiable when compared to Modernism

KKK in the 1920s

nativism of the 1920s caused the largest Klan membership ever (~ 6,000,000)

-anti-immigration, anti-African American, anti-Catholic, anti-Jewish, anti-women, and anti-union ideas

-want to protect traditional Southern ideals

Causes of the Great Depression

-overproduction of farms and industry

-"buying on margin" and reckless lending/investing (little regulation and risky loans)

-poor distribution of wealth (smaller market)

Hoovervilles

Depression shantytowns, named after the president whom many blamed for their financial distress

Smoot-Hawley Tariff

A high tariff enacted in 1930 during the Great Depression.

-Congress hoped to stimulate American manufacturing, but the tariff triggered retaliatory tariffs in other countries, which further hindered global trade

Bonus Army (1932)

group of jobless World War I veterans who came to Washington to lobby Congress for immediate payment of money promised them in 1945; Hoover opposed payment, and when he used the U.S. Army to drive the veterans out of the capital,

-Hoover portrayed as cruel and cold-hearted.

Public Works Administration (PWA)

Helped construction workers get jobs doing public projects (highways, bridges, sewers)

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

a federal corporation established in 1933 to construct dams and power plants in the Tennessee Valley region to generate electricity as well as to prevent floods

Civilian Conservation Corps

New Deal program that hired unemployed men to work on natural conservation projects

National Recovery Administration (NRA)

New Deal agency that promoted economic recovery by regulating production, prices, and wages

-struck down in SCOTUS ultimately

Bank Holiday and Emergency Banking Act

1933. closed all banks, banks examined to make sure they were okay to reopen

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

1934 - Created to supervise stock exchanges and to punish fraud in securities trading.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

the government agency that insures customer deposits if a bank fails

Social Security Act of 1935

Provided pensions for the elderly and disabled; unemployment insurance

Agriculture Adjustment Act (AAA)

Paid farmers not to grow crops in order to stop overproduction

-hurts sharecroppers

Huey Long

As senator in 1932 of LA

-preached his "Share Our Wealth" programs. It was a 100% tax on all annual incomes over $1 million

-critic of New Deal

FDR Court Packing Plan

FDR tried to put justices on the Supreme Court who would support FDR's New Deal Policies

-Congress rejected the plan because it would violate separation of powers/checks and balances

Blacks, the working class, and minorities shift political alliance to the Democrats after...

the New Deal

Fireside Chats

informal talks given by FDR over the RADIO

Good Neighbor Policy, 1933

Franklin D. Roosevelt policy in which the U.S. pledged that the U.S. would no longer intervene in the internal affairs of Latin American countries. This reversed Teddy Roosevelt's Big Stick Policy.

Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)

a multi-nation treaty, sponsored by American and French leaders, that outlawed war

-no enforcement, so it fails

Neutrality Acts (1935-1937)

prohibited sale of arms to belligerents in a war, banned loans to belligerents, and more

-Isolationism

Cash and Carry Policy

policy adopted by the United States in 1939 to preserve neutrality while aiding the Allies. Britain and France could buy goods from the United States if they paid in full and transported them.

Lend-Lease Act

1941. British (and later China and USSR) could borrow $ and materials from US

Selective Service Act of 1940

first peacetime conscription in United States history.

Pearl Harbor

Dec. 7, 1941

-US joins WWII a day later

Office of Price Administration (OPA)

WWII Office that installs price controls on essential items to prevent inflation

Rosie the Riveter

A propaganda character designed to increase production of female workers in the factories.

-change from WWI: women now working in factories, unlike more domestic jobs during WWI

African-Americans in WWII

-civilians: migrate to northern cities, much like WWI's Great Migration-soldiers: start being allowed to actually fight (Tuskegee airmen), Truman desegregates armed forces 1948

-Double V Campaign (victory in war, victory over racism in US)

Braceros

Mexican workers that were brought to America to work during World War II labor shortage

Zoot Suit Riots (1943)

A series of riots in L.A. California during WW2, soldiers stationed in the city and Mexican youths.

Japanese Internment Camps

1942

-FDR authorized the evacuation of all Japanese from the West Coast into relocation centers

-upheld in SCOTUS during Korematsu v US

Code Talkers

Navajo Indians recruited by the U.S. Marine Corps to transmit messages in the Navajo language during WWII

Holocaust

the Nazi program of exterminating Jews under Hitler

Midway Battle

Pacific battle that was seen as the turning point in the Pacific campaign

D-Day Invasion

Allied troops landed at Normandy Beach to start liberating France from German control

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Two Japanese cities on which the U.S. dropped the atomic bombs to end World War II.

-Truman give order

Yalta Conference (1945)

established UN; Soviet Union pledged to allow democratic procedures in Eastern Europe; pledge broken, led to Cold War

Marshall Plan (1947)

A plan that the US came up with to revive war-torn economies of Europe.

-US thinks that helping rebuild would bring alliances