Neuroscience and Brain Anatomy: Nervous System Divisions, Glial Cells, and Brain Structures

The afferent division of the nervous system is also known as the _________ division.

sensory division

The portion of the nervous system that conducts impulses from the skin, joints, skeletal muscles, and special senses.

somatic sensory division

The portion of the nervous system that has voluntary control over skeletal muscles.

somatic motor division

Conductive activity in a neuron generally causes it to secrete what?

neurotransmitters

Which part of the neuron contains the nucleus?

cell body (soma)

Glial cells differ from neurons in that they

are smaller, non-excile, and capable of mitosis

Most abundant glial cell in the CNS.

astrocyte

Glial cell that helps circulate cerebrospinal fluid.

ependymal cell

Glial cell that myelinates and insulates axons within the CNS.

schwan cell

Glial cell that helps form the blood-brain barrier.

astrocyte

Glial cell that myelinates axons in the PNS.

Schwann cell

Glial cell that defends the body against pathogens.

microglial cell

Glial cell that protects neuron cell bodies in ganglia.

satellite cell

Glial cell that occupies the space left by dead or dying neurons.

astrocytesd

Glial cell that provides structural support and organization to the CNS.

astrocyte org

Glial cell with perivascular feet that wrap around capillaries.

astrocyte perivascular

What do all glial cells have in common?

support and protect neurons

Glossy-white appearance of most axons is due to

myelin

Function of myelin.

increases speed of impulse conduction

Nervous system division with the greatest regeneration capacity.

peripheral nervous system

Order of connective tissue wrappings of a nerve, outer to inner.

epineurium → perineurium → endoneurium

Functions of acetylcholine.

stimulates skeletal muscle, autonomic signaling, learning/memory

The PNS contains _________ and _________.

nerves; ganglia

Lobes of the brain are part of the _________.

cerebrum lobes

Shallow depressions between folds on the brain surface.

sulci

The cerebral cortex consists of _________ matter.

gray matter

Cranial meninges from superficial to deep.

dura mater → arachnoid mater → pia mater

Ventricle located in the cerebrum.

lateral ventricle

Functions of cerebrospinal fluid.

buoyancy, protection, chemical sility, waste transport

Location of conscious thought processes.

cerebrum

Major pathway connecting the hemispheres.

corpus callosum

Brain lobe responsible for vision.

occipital lobe

Cerebral lateralization refers to what?

functional specialization of hemispheres

Lobe posterior to the central sulcus.

parietal lobe

The lateral sulcus is superior to the

temporal lobe

Brain region secreting melatonin.

pineal gland

Main sensory relay to the cerebral cortex.

thalamus

Brain region controlling the endocrine system.

hypothalamus

Brain region posterior to the fourth ventricle.

cerebellum 4

Part of the brain containing the arbor vitae.

cerebellum vitae

Portion of brain ensuring smooth, coordinated movement.

cerebellum coord

Portion of brain adjusting muscle activity for posture/equilibrium.

cerebellum

Limbic system allows

emotional responses and emotional memory

Limbic structure forming long-term memory.

hippocampus

Interpretation of emotion vs. expression of emotion.

amygdala; prefrontal cortex

Most anterior cranial nerve.

olfactory nerve (CN I)

EEG measures

electrical activity of the brain

Non-REM sleep characteristics.

deep, restorative sleep

Order of spinal cord parts from superior to inferior.

cervical → thoracic → lumbar → sacral → coccygeal

Space with areolar tissue, blood vessels, and adipose.

epidural space

Space containing cerebrospinal fluid.

subarachnoid space

Largest and longest nerve in the body.

sciatic nerve

Reflexes are

rapid, involuntary responses

Stepping on glass triggers what reflex?

withdrawal reflex

Effectors of the autonomic nervous system.

cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands

Division that conserves energy.

parasympathetic division

Division that increases alertness in stress.

sympathetic division

Innervation causing reduced digestive blood flow.

sympathetic red

Innervation causing pupil dilation.

sympathetic

Innervation causing increased heart rate.

sympathetic

Components of an autonomic reflex.

receptors, sensory neurons, integration center, motor neurons, effectors

Centers for cardiac, digestive, vasomotor functions are in the

medulla oblongata

Micturition reflex results in

urination

Conscious awareness of stimuli.

sensation

Reduction in sensitivity to a constant stimulus.

adaptation

Receptors responding to temperature changes.

thermoreceptors

Primary function of eyebrows.

protect eyes from sweat/debris

Second function of eyelids.

distribute tears

Two parts of the fibrous tunic.

sclera and cornea

Structure controlling pupil size.

iris

Retinal region lacking photoreceptors.

optic disc

Retinal region with sharpest vision.

fovea centralis

Where crystallin protein is found.

lens

When the lens flattens.

viewing distant objects

Flattened lens provides

distant vision

Gelatinous mass inside the eye.

vitreous humor

Photoreceptors for dim light.

rods

Photoreceptors for sharp, color vision.

cones

Bone housing middle and inner ear.

temporal bone house

Function of the auditory tube.

equalizes pressure

Middle ear bones from lateral to medial.

malleus → incus → stapes

Sequence of events for hearing.

sound waves → tympanic membrane → ossicles → oval window → cochlea → hair cells → nerve impulses

________ determines pitch; ________ determines loudness.

frequency; intensity

After the auricle funnels sound, waves pass(in sequence) through the

external acoustic meatus → tympanic membrane → ossicles → oval window → cochlea