apush period 3 and 4

What was the French and Indian war

A conflict between Britain and France (and their native alliances) for control of native America

Who won the French and Indian war and what did they gain?

The British one gain in Canada and land east of the Mississippi but we’re left with huge war debts

What was Pontiacs rebellion?

native uprising led by chief Pontiac against British policies and settlers after the war opposing British expansion into the Ohio valley

What was the proclamation of 1763

British law forbidding settlers to move west of the Appalachian mountains to prevent conflicts

How did people react to the proclamation of 1763?

The colonist were angry as they were eager to expand

What was the stamp act?

The first direct tax on American colonist by Britain, requiring them to pay a tax on all printed materials to help pay war debts

What were the Townshend acts?

British laws taxing imported goods like glass, paper, and tea to raise revenue, leading to colonial protests

What was the tea act?

British law, allowing the east India company to sell tea directly to the colonies at a lower price, but still including a tax sparking out

What was the Boston massacre?

incident where British soldiers fired into a crowd of colonists who were protesting; killed five

What was the Boston tea party?

colonial protest where the sons of liberty dump tea into the harbor, to oppose the tea act

What were the intolerable acts?

Series of harsh laws passed in response to the Boston tea party, including closing the harbor

What were the committees of correspondence?

Colonial groups that shared info and coordinated resistance against British policies

What were the first and second continental congress?

first- meeting to organize resistance to intolerable acts, including a boycott of British goods

second- the governing body during the revolution that managed war efforts

What were enlightenment ideas and how did they influence the colonies?

Ideas, emphasizing reason individual rights and government by consent, that influence American leaders like Jefferson to advocate for liberty and democracy

What was the declaration of independence?

Document drafted by Thomas Jefferson, declaring the colonies independence from Britain

What was the revolutionary war?

The war between Britain and the 13 colonies that was the war for independence

Patriots vs loyalists

Patriots supported independence from Britain, while loyalist remained loyal to the British crown

Valley Forge

Continental army and dirt, a harsh winter but emerged stronger

Battle of Saratoga

major American victory that convinced France to form a military alliance with the colonies

Battle of Yorktown

Final major battle of the war, where British general Cornwallis surrendered to Washington

What did the treaty of Paris accomplish?

Officially ended the war and recognized American independence

What land did Americans gain through the treaty of Paris?

land east of the Mississippi river which became the western boundary of the new US territory

What were the articles of confederation?

The first US constitution, creating a loose confederation of states with a weak central government

Why was the central government week under the articles?

States kept most of their power, which made it difficult to raise revenue, and force laws or maintain order

What was Shays rebellion?

armed uprising by farmers protesting high taxes and debt, showing the weakness of the articles

What was the northwest ordinance?

laws establishing how new territories north of the Ohio river would be governed

What was the constitutional convention?

A meeting to fix the articles that instead created a new constitution, establishing a stronger federal government with checks and balances

What was the great compromise

agreement creating a two house legislature with representation by population in the house and equal representation in the senate

What was the 3/5 compromise

agreement to count each enslaved person as 3/5 of a person for representation purposes

What are checks and balances?

Giving each branch of government powers to limit the other

Three branches of government in their main functions

legislative makes laws, executive enforces laws, judicial interprets laws

federalist vs anti-federalist

federalists- supported ratifying the constitution with a strong central government

anti federalists- more power four states and protections for individual rights

What were the federalist papers?

Essays by Hamilton and Madison arguing for ratification of the constitution

What is the Bill of Rights?

The first 10 amendments guaranteeing individual liberties, like freedom of speech and religion

What happened during Washington’s presidency?

he set precedents like forming a cabinet, enforcing laws, and staying neutral in foreign affairs

What was Hamiltons financial plan?

created the bank of the United States and imposed tariffs

What was the purpose of the national bank?

To manage government funds, regulate currency, and provide loans to promote economic growth

What was the whiskey rebellion?

Protest by western farmers against the whiskey tax, which was suppressed by Washington federal troops

What was the neutrality proclamation?

Washington’s declaration that the US would stay neutral in the war between France and Britain

What was Washington’s farewell address?

His advice to avoid political parties and permanent foreign alliances to protect national unity when stepping down from his presidency

federalist vs democratic Republicans

federalists- led by Hamilton, and wanted a strong central government

democratic republicans- led by Jefferson and favored states rights

What was Jay’s Treaty?

treaty with Britain that averted war, resolved some issues left from the revolution, but angered many americans

What was the XYZ affair?

scandal where French officials demanded bribes to negotiate with the US

What were the alien and sedition acts?

laws passed by federalist to restrict immigrants rights and limit criticism of the government, which was seen as violating free speech

What is the nullification theory?

The idea that states can reject federal laws they believe are unconstitutional

What was gradual emancipation in the north?

Laws passed in northern states to slowly and slavery rather than immediately

What was the republican motherhood?

The belief that women’s roles to educate their children to be good citizens increasing the importance of women in the new republic

Why did enslaved Africans continue to work and receive legal protections

economic dependence on slavery in the south kept the system going; some laws regulating treatment for overall rights were limited

Why did Native American conflicts and displacement continue

Settlers kept pushing West, taking land, and forcing Native Americans off their territories leading to ongoing warfare and loss of land

• What was significant about the Election of Jefferson?

• Peaceful transfer of power from Federalists → Democratic-Republicans.

• 1803: What did the Louisiana Purchase do for the U.S.?

• Doubled U.S. territory, westward expansion.

• 1807: What was the Embargo Act and why did Jefferson pass it?

• Stopped trade with Britain & France to avoid war; hurt U.S. economy.

• 1803–1807: What was the significance of Marbury v. Madison?

• Established judicial review (Supreme Court can declare laws unconstitutional).

• 1812: Name one cause and one effect of the War of 1812.

• Cause: Impressment & trade interference; Effect: Nationalism, Era of Good Feelings, decline of Federalists.

• 1814: What treaty ended the War of 1812?

• Treaty of Ghent – ended war, status quo antebellum.

• 1820: What compromise dealt with the expansion of slavery?

• Missouri = slave, Maine = free; 36°30′ line for future slavery.

• Key Cases: What did McCulloch v. Maryland establish?

• Congress can use implied powers; states cannot tax federal institutions.

• Key Cases: What was decided in Gibbons v. Ogden?

• Federal gov’t controls interstate commerce.

• Economic/Commerce: Define “interstate commerce.”

Trade or business between states.

• Post-War: What was the Hartford Convention and why is it important?

Meeting of New England Federalists; opposed War of 1812; accelerated Federalist decline.

• Jacksonian Era: What was the principle of Jeffersonian Democracy?

Power to the “common man,” increased citizen participation.

• Missouri Compromise: How did it temporarily resolve sectional tensions?

Balanced free vs. slave states; temporarily eased sectional tensions.

Key Cases: How did Dartmouth College v. Woodward limit state power?

States cannot interfere with private charters/contracts.

• Era of Good Feelings: What caused this era to emerge after 1815?

Surge in nationalism after War of 1812; decline of Federalists; political unity under Democratic-Republicans.

• Jacksonian Era: What is “limited government”?

Reduce federal power, favor state/local authority.

What was the Market Revolution?

Shift from subsistence farming → commercial economy, mechanization, factories, and regional specialization.

What were the three parts of Henry Clay’s American System?

1) Tariffs to protect industry, 2) National Bank, 3) Internal improvements (roads, canals).

What were tariffs and why were they important?

Taxes on imported goods to protect U.S. manufacturing.

What were internal improvements?

Roads, canals, bridges to promote trade and connect regions.

What was the Erie Canal and why was it important?

Canal linking Great Lakes → Hudson River → NYC, boosted trade and westward migration.

What was the Lowell System and who were the Lowell Girls?

Factory system employing young women in Massachusetts, with strict schedules and boardinghouses.

What were some effects of internal improvements?

Facilitated westward expansion, trade, economic growth, and regional specialization.

What was the Panic of 1819?

First major economic crisis: over-speculation, Bank tightening, foreclosures; led to distrust of banks.

What was the Indian Removal Act?

Authorized Jackson to remove Native Americans from southeastern U.S. → Trail of Tears.

What was the Adams-Onís Treaty

U.S. acquires Florida from Spain; sets boundary between U.S. and Spanish territory.

What was the Monroe Doctrine?

U.S. warns European powers to stay out of the Western Hemisphere; asserts U.S. influence.

What was the Second Great Awakening and one key leader?

Religious revival emphasizing personal salvation, morality, and reform; leader: Charles Grandison Finney who was a minister

What did Horace Mann advocate for?

Public education, standard curriculum, professional teachers.

What did Dorothea Dix advocate for?

Humane treatment of mentally ill and prison reform.

What was the Cult of Domesticity?

Idealized women’s roles in home: piety, purity, domesticity, submissiveness.

What was the Seneca Falls Convention?

First women’s rights convention (1848), demanded suffrage and equality.

what was the declaration of sentiments

Modeled on Declaration of Independence; outlined women’s grievances and demanded equality.

What was Transcendentalism

Philosophy emphasizing individual conscience, nature, and self-reliance.

Who was Ralph Waldo Emerson?

Transcendentalist writer, emphasized self-reliance, nature, and optimism.

Who was Henry David Thoreau

Transcendentalist writer, promoted civil disobedience and simple living at Walden Pond.

What was the Hudson River School?

Art movement depicting romanticized landscapes of American wilderness.

What caused increased suffrage for white men?

Many states removed property requirements in early 19th century; rise of popular politics and Jacksonian democracy.

What was significant about the Election of Andrew Jackson (1828)?

Jackson represented the “common man,” marked the rise of Jacksonian democracy and increased voter participation.

What was Nat Turner’s Rebellion (1831)?

Slave revolt in Virginia led by Nat Turner; heightened Southern fears of uprisings and led to harsher slave laws.

What was the Nullification Crisis (1832)?

Conflict between South Carolina and federal government over tariffs; tested state vs. federal power.

When did Texas win independence and from whom?

1836; Texas gained independence from Mexico after the Texas Revolution.

What was the Indian Removal Act?

Authorized Jackson to relocate Native Americans from the Southeast to west of the Mississippi; led to the Trail of Tears.

What was the “Corrupt Bargain” of 1824?

Alleged deal in the election where John Quincy Adams became president with Henry Clay’s support, angering Andrew Jackson supporters.

What is meant by the “Common Man” in Jacksonian Democracy?

Ordinary white male citizens gained more political power; expanded suffrage.

What was the Spoils System?

Practice of giving government jobs to political supporters as a reward.

What is veto power?

President’s authority to reject a bill passed by Congress.

What was the cotton gin and who invented it?

Eli Whitney’s invention that efficiently separated cotton fibers from seeds; revolutionized Southern agriculture.

What does “King Cotton” refer to?

Cotton became the dominant Southern crop, driving the economy and reliance on slavery.

What was the internal slave trade?

Domestic trade of enslaved people from Upper South to Deep South; intensified after international slave trade ended.

What was the Gag Rule?

Congressional rule in 1836 that automatically tabled (ignored) petitions about slavery.