Plants and Humans Ch. 1,2,3 Test Content

Scientific Method

Series of steps to investigate phenomena

1) Observation

What We see

2) Hypothesis

testable explanation for the phenomenon

3) Experimentation

Test The Hypothesis

4) Data Collection

Counting the data or numbers you recieve

5) Data Analysis

Statistically Significant Difference Found?

6) Conclusions

Reject the hypothesis or CANNOT reject the hypothesis.

Independent Variable

Factor that changes in an experiment

Dependent Variable

What is measured as a result of the independent variable

Control Variables

What remains the same b/t the control and the treatment

How do Plants Affect Us?

Oxygen

Food

Landscaping

Medicines

Clothing

Shelter

Smoking/Fire/Weed

Food Chain/Ecosystem

Soil Stabilization

How do you affect plants?

Climate Change/CO2

Deforestation

Flowers

Domesticate and Farm

Establish Conservation areas

Ancestor of Land Plants?

Green Algae

If a plant doesn't have Vascular Tissue, it is a?

Bryophyte

Ex. Mosses, Liverworts, Hornwarts

If a plant DOES have vascular tissue, it is a?

Vascular Plant

If a plant only reproduces with SPORES, it is a?

Fern (or fern-ally)

If a plants reproduces with seeds, it is a?

Seed Plant

If a plant's seeds are located IN CONES, it is a?

Gymnosperms (Naked Seed)

Ex. Ginkgo, Conifers(Needle-like leaves), Cycads (tropical and sub-tropical areas), Gnetophytes (Ephedra)

If a plant's seeds are located in FRUITS, it is a?

Angiosperms

Largest group of Plants

Angiosperms(Flowering Plant)

The following are NOT plants

Corals(Animals)

AND

Mushrooms (Fungi)

3 Parts that most plants have

1) Stems

2) Roots

3) Leaves

Node

Point on the stem where the leaf attaches

Petiole

Stalk that connects a leaf to the stem

Internode (B)

Area of the stem between the two nodes

Parts of the Stem

Node

Internode

Petiole

What do leaves do?

Absorb light for photosynthesis

What is the Shoot?

Stem and Leaves Together

Tendril (Modified Shoot)

Long, thin organ that can wrap around what it comes into contact with

Leaf Succulents (Modified Shoot)

Large, fleshy leaves that store water

What do roots do?

Absorb Water and nutrients from the soil

Support the shoot

Make hormones

3 Parts of a Root (Bottom to Top)

A) Area of Cell Division

B) Area of Elongation

C) Area of Maturation

In the Area of Cell Division...

Cell Increase in NUMBER

What is the root cap?

It secretes a mucilage and protects the root apical meristem

What is the Root Apical Meristem

Has cells that can constantly divide (Replenish)

In the Area of Elongation...

Cells are increasing in SIZE

In the Area of Maturation...

Cells Develop SPECIALIZED FUNCTIONS

Example of Area of Maturation

Root Hairs- Increase the surface area of the root

How many Main root Systems?

2

Taproot

Like turnips or radishes (downward)

Fibrous Roots

Grasses, corn, wheat, millet, oats; "Mass of roots" and "cluster"

Parts of a Flower?

1) Sepals

2) Petals

3) Stamen

4) Carpel (Pistil)

Sepals

Typically green leaves that enclose a flower bud (outermost part)

Petals

Colorful and Fragment leaves to attract pollinators

Stamen

Male Reproductive Part of a Flower

Anther (Part of Stamen)

Holds Pollen Sacks

Filament (Part of Stamen)

Stalk that upholds the anther

Carpel (Pistil)

Female Reproductive part of a flower (Innermost part)

Stigma

Sticky Surface on which pollen lands

Style

Tube connecting the stigma to the ovary

Ovary (#1 on picture)

Holds the Ovules

Fertilization

Sperm and Egg Meet

Where does the embryo develop?

Inside the Seed

Characteristics of Fruits

Seeds Inside them

Sweeter

Must Peel before eating

Characteristics of Vegetables

Not as Sweet

Does not typically require peeling

Fruits

Ripened ovary WITH seeds

Vegetables

Any edible plant part that is NOT a ripened ovary with seeds

Plant Body

Less Complex Organs

Localized Growth (growth from the meristem)

Indeterminate Organogenesis (continual growth of organs)

Animal Body

More Complex Organs

Diffuse Growth (growth at the same time)

All part are same ages

Determinate Organogenesis (organs grow to a pre-determined size)

Annual Life Span

Live One Year

Biennial Life Span

Live Two Years

Perennial Life Span

Live more than two years

Childhood/Juvenile Life Stage

Development, Survival

Adulthood Life Stage

Reproduction, Full Developed

Herbaceous Stem texture

Green, Flexible, shorter, annuals, biennials, perennials

Woody Stem Texture

Stronger/Inflexible, Bark/Brown, Taller, usually perennials

Levels of Biological Organization

Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism

Hooke (1665)

Coined the term "cell"

Van Leeuwenhoek (1670s)

First to see living cells under a microscope

Schleiden (1838)

All Plants were made of cells

Schwann (1839)

All animals were made of cells

*Virchow (1858)

Cells come from pre-existing cells

Cell Theory

1) The Cell is the basic unit of life

2) All living things are made of cells

3) Cells come from pre-existing cells

Organelles

Substructures within cells with a specialized function

Cell Wall

Unique to Plant Cells

Made of Cellulose

Outermost layer of the plant cell

Plasma Membrane (also known as cell membrane)

Toward the interior to the cell wall

"Security guard" (semi-permeable/selectively permeable)

Cytoplasm

Jelly-like substance that surrounds the organelles

Cytosol

Liquid part of the cytoplasm

Nucleus

Contains DNA

Has 2 Membranes

Central Vacuole

Unique to Plant cells that stores cell sap like water, pigments, and waste

Proplastids

SIMPLE Plastid

Meristems

Two Membranes

Chloroplast

Needed for photosynthesis

Converted Proplastid

Chlorophyll

Chromoplast

Reddish-orange pigments

Converted chloroplast

Amyloplast

Store Starch

Mitochrondria

Energy Generation

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ROUGH)

Ribosomes Attached

Endoplasmic Reticulum (SMOOTH)

Making lipids, NO ribosomes

Ribosomes

Makes proteins

Microtubules and Microfilaments

Transportation

Makeup an internal skeleton (cytoskeleton)

Intercellular Spaces

Spaces Between Cells

Gas Exchange

Found more often in mature plant parts

Parenchyma Cells

Cell is living at maturity with a THIN, primary, cell wall

Starch storage, found in meristems, photosynthesis

Found in easy-to-bite raw foods or after boiling

Collenchyma Cells

Celling is living at maturity

Primary cell wall is thickened at the corners

Sclerenchyma Cells

Dead at maturity

Primary Cell Wall

Has a SECONDARY cell wall (lignin)

2 types: fibers, sclereids

Epidermis

Outermost layer of the plant

Cuticle

Waxy covering on the epidermis

Guard Cells

Pair of cells surrounding a stoma

Trichomes

Hair-like projections on plant surfaces

Stomata

Openings for gas exchange

Phloem (vascular tissue)

Transports Food (sugars)

Xylem (vascular tissue)

Transports Water