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chronological record

significant events (such as those affecting a nation or institution) often including an explanation of their causes.

narration of the events

like the rise and fall of nations, and other great changes which have affected the political and social condition of the human race.

Prehistoric

Period before written records or documented history.

Historian

A scholar who studies, interprets, and writes about history using various sources such as documents, artifacts, and oral traditions.

Factual History

Presents plain and basic information

Speculative History

Beyond facts, concerned about the reasons for which events happened (why), and the way they happened (how).

Historiography

The practice of writing history.

Understanding the Present

How the past has shaped today's world, like politics, conflicts, and culture.

Learning from the Past

Avoid repeating mistakes and guides better decision-making.

Critical Thinking

Encourages analysis, interpretation of sources, and drawing conclusions based on facts.

Cultural Awareness

Fosters appreciation, understanding and respect for diverse perspectives and cultures.

Identity & Heritage

Strengthens connection to our roots, preserving cultural traditions, values, and beliefs.

Empathy

Help us connect with others, develop understanding and compassion.

Informed Citizenship

Being a good citizen with knowledge of rights and duties

Responsibility

Active involvement as a citizen and member of the community

Objectivity in Study

To be truly objective, something must exist outside the human mind and be independent of personal opinions.

History & Subjectivity

History is based on recollections (written or spoken testimony), which exist only in the mind, making complete objectivity impossible.

Artifacts

A potsherd, a coin, a ruin, a manuscript, a book, a portrait, a stamp, a piece of wreckage, a strand of hair, or other archeological or anthropological remains.

Event

Something that happens.

Observed

Someone notices the event

Remembered

By those who observed it.

Recorded

Information are documented (written, digital, etc.).

Survived

Records last over time and preserved.

Historian's attention

Historians find and focus on the surviving records.

Credible

Verify the accuracy and reliability

Grasped

Historians understand the significance and context of the event.

Narrated

Create narratives and interpretations.

History-as-actuality (entire past)

Can only be known through history-as-record (surviving records)

History-as-record

just a small portion of what was recorded, remembered, and observed

Historical Method

The process of critically examining and analyzing the records and survivals of the past

Document

A written historical source, unlike oral testimony, artifacts, images, or archaeological remains.

Human Document

A personal account of experiences, showing one's actions and role in society.

Primary Sources

These are materials produced by people directly involved in the event being studied.

Eyewitness Accounts

A written or spoken description of an event given by someone who was present when it happened. They are important as they can provide a unique perspective and details of an event.

Primary Documents

Original materials that provide first-hand accounts of events or topics. They are the most direct evidence of a time or event because they were created by people or things that were there at the time.

Photographs

They tell us how our heroes really looked like.

Old sketches & Drawings

Can be primary sources if the artist was an eyewitness of an event or subject depicted and if they were created during the time period it depicts.

The Boxer Codex

A book of colored sketches made by a Spaniard. It shows how the ancient Filipinos looked like in 1590.

Old Maps

They reflect the mapmaker's perspective and show how the mapmaker interpreted and saw a location, rather than just the location itself. They also provide insight into the past.

Editorial Cartoon

Shows political expression and propaganda during a certain time.

Material Evidence of the Past

Cave drawings, artifacts, fossils, ancient writings, and the like

Statistical Tables, Graphs & Charts

Show patterns and relationships

Video & Audio Recordings

Video review of the Ninoy Assassination helped us answer many questions.

Music & Arts

They are reflections of the period when they were created.

Secondary Sources

The testimony of anyone who is not an eyewitness, one who was not present in the event of which he tells.

Verisimilitude

Not the exact truth of what happened, (impossible with perfect accuracy)

Date

Verifying the time of creation of the document or artifact.

Author’s Handwriting & Signature

Comparing the handwriting and signature with verified samples from the author.

Anachronistic Style

Examining the idiom, orthography (spelling conventions), and punctuation to ensure they align with the period of origin.

Anachronistic Reference to Events

Checking for references to events or concepts that are: too early (before their time), too late (postdating the document), too remote (unlikely or irrelevant to the document's context

Provenance

Tracing the document's history of ownership and custody to establish its legitimacy.

Semantics

Analyzing the meaning of words and phrases to verify they align with the historical and cultural context of the period.

Author’s Mental Processes

Analyzing the logical consistency, coherence, and reasoning evident in the document.

Approximate Date

Inferring the probable date of creation based on internal clues such as references, events, or technologies mentioned.

Ability to Tell the Truth

Determining if the author had the capacity (e.g., knowledge, access to information) to report events accurately.

Willingness to Tell the Truth

Evaluating the author’s intentions or motives for honesty or deceit, based on tone, purpose, or context.

Corroboration

Comparing the content with other reliable sources or accounts to confirm accuracy and consistency.

Biographical

Personal details of the subject, such as their identity, background, and role in the context of the testimony.

Geographical

Examines the locations or places relevant to the testimony to ensure accuracy and relevance.

Chronological

This involves verifying the timeline or sequence of events mentioned in the testimony to ensure they align with historical facts.

Occupational or Functional

This refers to the roles, duties, or functions of the individuals or entities involved in the testimony, and how they fit into the broader context.