Biology Summative (Structures and Organelles)

Organelles carry out..

• essential cell processes, such as protein synthesis

• energy transformation

• digestion of food

• transport and storage of materials

• excretion of wastes

• cell division

Parts of a plant cell

(14)

1. Nucleus

2. Nucleolus

3. Central vacuole

4. Mitochondrion

5. Ribosomes

6. Vesicle

7. Golgi apparatus

8. Endoplasmic Reticulum(Smooth & Rough)

9. Cell wall(cellulose)

10. Cell membrane

11. Chloroplast

12. Cytoplasm

13. Microtubule & Microfilaments (Cytoskeleton)

14. Nuclear pore

Parts of an Animal Cell

(14)

1. Nucleus

2. Nucleolus

3. Cell membrane

4. Mitochondrion

5. Ribosomes

6. Lysosome

7. Vesicle

8. Golgi apparatus

9. Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth & Rough)

10. Cytoplasm

11. Centriole (In the centrosome)

12. Nuclear pore

13. Cytoskeleton (Microfilament, Microtubules)

Organelles absent in a plant cell are

centrosomes, lysosomes, centrioles

Organelles absent in a animal cell are

Cell Wall, Chloroplast

Organelles are supported by a structure within the cytoplasm called,,

Cytoskeleton

Cytoskeleton is

a supporting network of

• long

• thin protein fibers

that form a framework for the cell and provide anchor for the organelles

Cytoskeleton is made up of..

thread like filaments made of proteins

Two substructures part of the cytoskeleton

Microtubules, microfilaments

They rapidly assemble and dissemble slide past one another.

Microtubules are …

• long

• hollow protein cylinders

that form a rigid skeleton for the cell and assist in moving substances

Microfilaments are

• thin proteins threads

that helps give the cell shape and enable the parts of the cells to move

Nucleus is..

“the brain of the cell”

• Stores genetic information

• Control center of the cell that contains directions for the production of proteins and cell divsions

Mitochondria is the..

“Power house of the cell”

• It makes ATP molecules during cellular respiration

• Converts fuel into usable energy

• It has an outer membrane and a highly folded inner membrane that provides a large surface area for breaking bonds in sugar molecules

The membrane of the mitochondrion is made up of..

phospholipid layers

What does the inner layer of the mitochondria hold?

Increases the surface area and holds proteins

(Intermembrane Space)

It has many folds called cristae.

What are plant cell walls made of?

Carbohydrate called cellulose which gives the cell walls their inflexible characteristic (Cellulose)

Functions of cell wall include..

1. Protects the cell from physical injury.

2. Gives the cell a sense of organization.

3. It maintains the shape of the cell.

4. Regulates the flow of information between cells.

5. It regulates the expansion of cells.

6. Provides protection against pathogens.

Cytoplasm is a..

jelly-like fluid that contains the components of the cells.

Cytoplasm is composed of..

• water

• salt

• protein

The cytoplasm is…

enclosed by the cell membrane

The function of nucleolus is to..

produce and assemble the cell’s ribosomes

transcript RNA

made up of proteins and RNA

The item inside the nuclear membrane is called..

chromatin, a tangled spread out form of DNA

The function of a prokaryotic cell wall is to..

1. protect the cell

2. helps to maintain the cell’s shape

3. gives the cell support

What are prokaryotic cell walls made out of?

They’re made of a material called peptidoglycan, which is a combination of disaccharides and peptide fragments

What is the ER?

A network of membranes of folded sacs and interconnected channels for protein and lipid synthesis.

The two subunits of the endoplasmic reticulum are..

• Rough endoplasmic reticulum

• Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

The difference between the rough ER and smooth Er is..

Ribosomes are attached to the rough ER

• it has bumps on it and it is the site for transporting material such as protein synthesized

The smooth ER does not have ribosomes attached

• the function is to provide a membrane surface where complex carbohydrates are synthesized.

How is the protein synthesized in the Rough ER transported?

They are pack in small vesicles and transported into the Golgi apparatus and the Golgi body adds other substances such as lipid and carbs to customize the cells.

The Golgi Apparatus/Golgi Body/Golgi Complex

• Modifies, sorts and ships proteins

Shape of Golgi Apparatus

Flattened stack of membrane

Ribosomes are…

organelles that help manufacture proteins in accordance to their chain of amino acid

How are ribosomes placed in a cell?

Some float freely in the cytoplasm while others are bound to another organelle called the endoplasmic reticulum.

Difference between free ribosomes and Bound ribosomes

Free floating ribosomes produce proteins for use for the cell.

Bound ribosomes produce proteins that will be bound within membranes or used by another cell.

Shape of ribosome

Flattened and spherical

What are ribosomes made of?

RNA

Protein

Vacuole is a …

Membrane bound vesicle used to store food, water, enzymes and other materials

Some store waste product

What does the central vacuole of the plant cell store?

Stores water

Centrioles are organelles..

• that occurs in pairs

• important for cell division

Where is the centriole located?

• It’s located in the cytoplasm next to the nucleus

• inside the centrosome

Shape of centriole

Barrel-Shaped, cylindrical structure

The main function of centriole is to..

organize microtubules in the cytoplasm that function during cell division.

Vacuoles are..

larger than vesicles

Difference between vacuole and vesicle

• The membrane of vacuole does not fuse with the other organelles while vesicle does

• Vacuoles are found in both types of cells(pro & eu)

Vacuoles contain water while vesicles..

are composed of waste, enzymes, nutrients, harmful compounds and ions

Vesicles are..

tiny sacs that transport material outside or within the cell

Where are vesicles made from?

The Golgi Network

A type of vesicle

Lysosomes

Lysosomes are..

a vesicle that contains digestive enzymes, found in animal cells only

Shape of lysosome

Dense spherical vacuoles

Function of lysosomes

• To breakdown worn out cellular substances

• Cell’s recycling system

• Digest bacteria and viruses that entered the cell

Function of Chloroplast

• Capture light energy and convert it to chemical energy

Shape of thakakyloids in chloroplast

• Small, disk shaped compartments

• Trap energy from sunlight in a pigment called chlorophyll

Cell appendages are..and are located..

cilia and flagella located outside the cell membrane

Shape of cilia

1. Short, small hairlike structures

Function of cilia

• Projection in cell surfaces that aid in locomotion and feeding

• Used to sweep substances along surfaces

Cilia is found in

some animal cells, protists cells and prokaryotes

Shape of flagella

• Longer and less numerous than cilia

• Has tail

Flagella can be found in…

Some animal cells, prokaryotes and some plant cells