Renal and Urinary Systems

nephron

nephron

functional unit of the kidney

approximately 1 million per kidney

glomerular filtration rate

plasma filtered per minute

normal adult GFR

100 ml/minute

age related changes

reduction of blood flow to the kidneys and a reduction in nephrons

creates an opportunity for gradual increase in vasoconstriction, impaired electrolyte balance

results in increased urine production at night

acute tubular necrosis

person is exposed to trauma > widespread vasoconstriction to conserve blood and fluid > ischemia of nephron tubules > necrosis

pyelonephritis

inflammation of the renal pelvis

cause of pyelonephritis

reflux from an infected bladder

hematogenous spread from another infection site

causes of urine reflux

cystitis (bladder infection), enlarged prostate, neurogenic bladder, uriniar calculus (kidney stone)

acute renal failure

abrupt decline in renal function

reversible with recovery in 6-8 wks

renal vascular disease

results in renal hypertension with systemic effects

glomerulonephritis

inflammation of the glomeruli

approximately 70% follows beta hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis

type III

glomerulonephritis is a type ___ hypersensitivity immune response

good pasture’s syndrome

person did not recover from glomerulonephritis

rapidly progressive- fatal in about 2 years

diffuse glomerular loss due to sub epithelial immune complexes

chronic glomerulonephritis

slowly progressive- renal failure and uremic syndrome “end stage renal disease (ESRD)”

diffuse glomerular loss due to loss to the glomerulus

diffuse diabetic

most common

diffuse, pervasive thickening of the glomerular basement membrane

nodular diabetic

hardening of glomeruli showing nodules

chronic renal failure

a progressive and nonreversible decline in nephrons and kidney function

commonly known as chronic kidney disease

Renal calculi

kidney stones

3rd most common urinary disorder

can cause urinary obstruction and severe pain

hyponatremia

low sodium

hyperkalemia

high potassium

kidneys

activate vitamin D

azotemia

retention of nitrogenous metabolic waste

-urea blood urea nitrogen, or BUN

-creatinine

transplant

required treatment of end stage renal disease

intravenous pyelography

injection of radiographic dye into the cardiovascular system to visualize urine in the renal/urinary system

stress incontinence

involuntary urine loss on effort or physical exertion, or on sneezing or coughing

urgency incontinence

involuntary urine loss associated with urgency

urinary tract infection

bacterial infection of the urethra that can travel to the bladder(cystitis) or kidney (pyelonephritis)

hypospadias

urethra does not close completely