areas and debates

NATURE-our thoughts feelings and behaviour are controlled by factors that are __ __ __, that are inherited

Determined before birth

NATURE-behaviour is explained through __ and __

Biology and genetics

NATURE-characteristics are unaffected by our __ __, learning upbringing and environment

Childhood experiences

NURTURE-our thoughts, feelings and behaviour are controlled by factors that we experience __ __ __, after our birth

During our lifetime

NURTURE-behaviour is explained through __

Environment

NURTURE-characteristics are unaffected by __ __

Inherited genetics

NATURE STRENGTHS-Practical: using __ to plan interventions

Knowledge

NATURE STRENGTHS-Individuals aren’t to blame for __ __

Inherited characteristics

NATURE STRENGTHS-Easier to __ __

Measure objectively

NATURE WEAKNESS-Encourages individuals to blame __ and not change

Inheritance

NATURE WEAKNESS-Likely to be __ _ __

Mix of both

NATURE WEAKNESS-Harder to change __ than __

Nature, nurture

NURTURE STRENGTH- __: use knowledge to plan how to raise individuals

Practical

NURTURE STRENGTH-individuals aren’t to blame for their __

Upbringing

NURTURE STRENGTH-Easier to change and study __ than __

Nurture, nature

NURTURE WEAKNESS-encourages individuals to blame __ and not change

Upbringing

NURTURE WEAKNESS-likely to be a __ _ __

Mix of both

NURTURE WEAKNESS-Harder to __ __

Measure objectively

IND-Thoughts, feelings and behaviour are caused by our:

Internal consistent characteristics

IND-Behaviour is explained by each persons own individual combination of genetics, __ __ and biology

Past experiences

IND-The situation has __ __ on behaviour

Limited effect

SIT-Thoughts, feelings and behaviour are caused by:

Inconsistent current external environment

SIT-Behaviour is explained by the features of the current environment, current __ __, experiences and stimuli individuals are currently exposed to.

Social situation

SIT-The __ has a large effect on behaviour

Situation

IND STRENGTH-In line with __ __

Societies views

IND STRENGTH-__:can predict and manage behaviour

Practical

IND WEAKNESS-Harder to manipulate and study __ __

Individual differences

IND WEAKNESS-Ignores __ _ __

Differences in disposition

SIT STRENGTH-Easier to __ situation

Manipulate

SIT STRENGTH-Practical: __ and __ behaviour

Manipulate, influence

SIT WEAKNESS-Less in line with __ __

Societies views

SIT WEAKNESS-Ignores __ _ __

Differences in disposition

FW-individuals __ choose how they want to behave

Can

FW-individuals have __ over there own actions

Control

FW-behaviour is not determined by other __ or __

Forces, factors

FW-individuals have responsibility for there own __

Behaviour

D-individuals __ choose how they want to behave

Cannot

D-Individuals have __ __ over their own actions

No control

D-Behavior _ determined by other forces or factors

Is

D-individuals have no responsibility for their own __

Behaviour

FW STRENGTH-recognises differences in __ __

Free will

FW STRENGTH- __ individuals to change

Motivates

FW WEAKNESS-Hard to establish __ _ __

Cause And effect

FW WEAKNESS-implies __ _ _ __

People are to blame

FW WEAKNESS-less __ __

Practical applications

D strengths-__ establish cause and effect

Can

D STRENGTHS-__ __ individuals for their behaviour

Doesn’t blame

D STRENGTHS-more __ __

Practical applications

D WEAKNESS-ignores differences in __ __

Free will

D WEAKNESS-excuses individuals __ _ __

Not to change

R-Explaining thoughts/behaviour through simplistic, basic, __ explanation

Physical

R-Explaining complex behaviour by breaking down people into their:

Constituent parts

R-Simplistic:

Limited interactions

H-Explaining thoughts/behaviour through complex, mental, social and ___ based explanations

Personality

H-Explaining the complex by looking at:

Characteristics of the whole

H-Complex: Many interactions

BR- can be explained by just focusing on __ __ __

Internal constituent parts

BR-Can ignore interactions with the __

External

BR-There are __ __ __ just internal physical constituent parts

Limited simple interactions

ER-__ be explained by just focusing on internal mechanisms

Cannot

Err-Cannot ignore the interaction with __ __

External influence

ER-There are some influence between the internal and external, but still __ __ __

Ignoring the abstract

RED STRENGTH-Easier to establish:

Cause and effect

RED STRENGTH-Easier to find:

Objective evidence

RED WEAKNESS-Not __ _ __

Appropriate for humans

RED WEAKNESS-Lack __ __

Face validity

RED WEAKNESS-Problem of __ __

Infinite regress

HOL STRENGTH-More __ __

Face validity

HOL STRENGTH-No problem of __ __

Infinite regress

HOL STRENGTH-__ for humans

Appropriate

HOL WEAKNESS-Harder to establish __ _ __

Cause and effect

HOL WEAKNESS-Harder to find __ __

Objective evidence

INDIVIDUALS ARE UNIQUE: we should study what:

Makes us different

INDIVIDUALS ARE UNIQUE: individuals differ in their: __, __, __ and __

Biology, thoughts, behaviour, experiences

INDIVIDUALS ARE UNIQUE: when explaining why people behave the way they do, we need to look at:

How individuals are different

MEASURE PERSONALITY+DISPOSITION: behaviour is explained through __ __ __ and __

Unique individual personality, disposition

MEASURE PERSONALITY+DISPOSITION: Does not attempt to:

Argue any one factor is more influential than the other

MEASURE PERSONALITY+DISPOSITION: An individuals personality and unique factors have a greater influence on behaviour than the __ __

Current situation

MEASURE PERSONALITY+DISPOSITION: Individuals can be measured with ___

Psychometric

IDIOGRAPHIC APPROACH: emphasise the __ __ __ each individual has. Gathering lots of data to understand an individual, understanding how an individual behaves over time and in __ __ __

Unique personal experience, different social settings

IDIOGRAPHIC APPROACH: does not seek to __ __ __ or generalise results to others

Formulate universal laws

IDIOGRAPHIC APPROACH: use of __ __, unstructured interviews, __ __, __ __

Case studies, thematic analysis, qualitative data

PRACTICAL APPLICATION-

Intelligence testing

INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES RESEARCH METHODS(3):

1. Case studies

2. Psychometric

3. Quasi experiments

NORMATIVE DEVELOPMENT- the typical __ and __ __ children will experience in the same order

Social, biological milestones

NORMATIVE DEVELOPMENT: children are often the focus of developmental research as they undergo the most __ __ and __ __

Significant changes, observable milestones

NORMATIVE DEVELOPMENT: the two types of milestones:

1. Biological milestones

2. Social milestones

CONTINUOUS VS DISCONTINUOUS DEVELOPMENT- Continuous: a __ process where skills __ __

Cumulative, gradually improve

CONTINUOUS VS DISCONTINUOUS DEVELOPMENT- Discontinuous: there are __ stages, with significantly different skills and abilities, that children __ __ __

Unique, suddenly move between

NATURE AND NURTURE INTERACTION: complex psychological constructs are caused by a combination of __ and __, not ___

Genes, environment, nature or nurture

NATURE AND NURTURE INTERACTION: Humans have an innate tendency to focus on, and be affected by certain __ __ ___

Stimuli in the environment

NATURE AND NURTURE INTERACTION: Most of the complex characteristics of humans, are a combination of both _____, not one or the other

Nature and nurture

NATURE AND NURTURE INTERACTION: Children often used during research, as they have had limited __ __ __, making it easier to establish the extent to which characteristics were caused by genes

Exposure to the environment

Developmental Practical Application-

Nurture pro social healthy characteristics

Developmental Research Methods(3):

1. Longitudinal Studies

2. Observation and Self Report

3. Quasi Experiments

THE TRIPARTITE MIND- we are not aware of:

all aspects of our mind

Conscious- thoughts we are:

aware of now

Preconscious-thoughts you are:

not aware of currently but can access easily

Unconscious-thoughts we are:

not aware of

THE TRIPARTITE MIND- we have three __ __ of our mind

conflicting aspects